Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Term 5 Psych > Cognitive Development > Flashcards

Cognitive Development Flashcards

1
Q

Formal Assessment of Abilities

Intellectual Disability

A

–>
Intelligence
Adaptive Behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Formal Assessment of Abilities

A

–>
Intelligence/Cognitive Ability
Academic Functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Normal Curve

A

The Mean IQ score = 100

Approximately 95% of the population have scores within two standard deviations (SD) of the mean (70- 130)

2/3 of the population have IQ scores within one SD of the mean (85- 115)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Intelligence / Cognitive Assessment

A

“We must guard against defining intelligence solely in terms of ability to pass the tests of a given intelligence scale. It should go without saying that no existing scale is capable of adequately measuring the ability to deal with all possible kinds of material on all intelligence levels.”

	- Terman (1921, as quoted in Sattler, 1992)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Current views of intelligence

A

Multifaceted and hierarchically organized

Intelligence quotient “IQ” is a general estimate of the sum of many different abilities

General factor (g) impacts global functioning on cognitive tasks as well as specific abilities

Genetic contributions to intelligence modified by experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A current view of intelligence

Cattell-Horn-Carroll Model of Intelligence

A

General Intelligence- Stratum III
Broad Abilities- Stratum II
Narrow Abilities- Stratum I

See chart nigga

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Factors Influencing Intelligence

A

Genetic Factors
Familial Factors
Nonfamilial Factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Genetic Factors

A

Genetic Makeup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Familial Factors

A 
Mother ‘s IQ and Education
Father’s IQ and Education
Socioeconomic Status
Prenatal Variables
Early Developmental Variables
Health Care and Nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nonfamilial Factors

A 
Quality of School
Teacher characteristics
Culture
Quality of Community
Environmental Toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The Flynn Effect

A

Documented by James Flynn in 1984

Rise in standardized intelligence test scores since the beginning of the 20th century

Average rate of increase 3 IQ points per decade

Cause remains uncertain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an Intellectual Disability?

A

DSM-5 Criteria

Deficits in intellectual functions
(e.g. problem-solving, reasoning, abstract thinking, planning, learning, etc.)
Generally Full Scale IQ < 70

Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in a failure to meet developmental and socio-cultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility.

Onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits occurs during the developmental period (childhood and adolescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intellectual Disability

A

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDDD)

Significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior which are apparent prior to the age of 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Definition based on 5 assumptions:

A
  1. Limitations are considered within the context of the person’s environment and culture
  2. Assessment should consider cultural and linguistic diversity as well as differences in communications, sensory, motor, and behavioral factors
  3. Limitations often coexist with strengths
  4. You must develop a profile of needed supports
  5. With appropriate personalized supports, the functioning of the person with the intellectual disability will generally improve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Intellectual Disability: Levels of Severity

A

Mild
Moderate
Severe
Profound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mild

A

85 percent
IQ range 50 to 69
There may be no obvious differences in young children

Differences often appear in academic settings for children and teens

Independent employment in with special training and supervision and may be able to live partially independently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Moderate

A

10 percent
IQ range 34 to 49
Skills lag behind same-age peers throughout development

May need help acquiring basic skills for daily living (e.g. hygiene, safety, household chores) – may need supervised housing

May work in sheltered
environment with extensive support and supervision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Severe

A

3 to 4 percent
IQ range 20 to 34
Very basic communication skills

Need extensive supports throughout life in most domains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Profound

A

1 to 2 percent
IQ range < 20
Minimal functioning; limited understanding of others/world

Dependent on others for all aspects of daily care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Estimates of Mental Age and Academic Achievement

Mild

A

Adult Mental Age
9 to 11 years

Grade Level
3rd to 6th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Estimates of Mental Age and Academic Achievement

Moderate

A

Adult Mental Age
6 to 9 years

Grade Level
1st to 3rd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Estimates of Mental Age and Academic Achievement

Severe

A

Adult Mental Age
4 to 6

Grade Level
Pre-K to 1st

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Estimates of Mental Age and Academic Achievement

Profound

A

Adult Mental Age
< 4 years

Grade Level
N/A

24
Q

Developmental/Cognitive Ability Measures

A

Mullen Scales of Early Learning
(birth to 68 months)

Bayley Scales of Infant Development -III
(1 to 42 months)

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV)
Ages 2:6 through 7:7

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition
(WISC-V)
Ages 6:0 through 16:11

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)
Ages 16:0 through 90:11

25
Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Ability
Ages 2 through 90+ Based on the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities Used most often by school districts
26
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5)
Ages 2 through 85 Good for assessing very low of intellectual functioning range
27
Differential Ability Scales – Second Edition (DAS-II)
Ages 2 years, 6 months through 17 years, 11 months Less culturally loaded measure
28
Cognitive Ability Tests: Nonverbal Measures
Leiter International Performance Scale – 3 Test of Nonverbal Intelligence – Third Edition (TONI-3) Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT)
29
Adaptive Behavior Skill Areas:
``` Communication Self-care Home living Social/Interpersonal skills Use of community resources Self-direction Functional academic skills Work Leisure Health Safety ```
30
Academic Development Measures
Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Achievement (WJ-IV) Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement – Third Edition Wechsler Individual Achievement Test – Second Edition
31
Intellectual Disability
The range of IQ scores 2 standard deviations below the mean (<70) Adaptive functioning must be a standard scores 70 or below
32
Intellectual Disability: Etiologies & Risk Factors | Medical
Genetic Syndromes Abnormal Brain Development Premature birth or birth injury Prenatal Exposure to certain infections: TORCH Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol Prenatal Exposure to Toxins Childhood diseases
33
Genetic Syndromes
Down Syndrome | Fragile X
34
Abnormal Brain Development
Gray matter heterotopias | Porencephaly
35
Premature birth or birth injury
Cerebral Palsy | Stroke
36
Prenatal Exposure to certain infections: TORCH
``` Toxoplasmosis Other Infections; syphilis, herpes zoster Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex II ```
37
Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
38
Prenatal Exposure to Toxins
Lead
39
Childhood diseases resulting in
Meningitis | Encephalitis
40
Intellectual Disability: Intervention
Educational programming Community-Based Resources Texas Workforce Commission and the Texas Health and Human Services Commission
41
Educational programming
Based on level of functioning not etiology
42
Community-Based Resources
Arc of Greater Houston Harris Center for Mental Health and Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD)
43
Texas Workforce Commission and the Texas Health and Human Services Commission
Disability determination services Transition planning Vocational training/job placement Independent living services
44
Implications for Physicians Pediatric Primary Care and Specialties
Early Childhood Delayed language or motor milestones --> Early Childhood Intervention Referral School Age Struggling in school; Known risk factor --> Psychoeducational Assessment
45
Implications for Physicians Adult Primary Care and Specialties
Understanding the diagnosis Understanding the treatment plan Adherence to the treatment plan
46
Implications for Physicians | General
First, speak to the person with intellectual disability then clarify with family if something is not clear Use language simple language, or use a communication aid Ask open questions or change the question to see if the response it the same Avoid euphemisms Check for understanding by asking them to explain to you in their own words When talking about time, use events that the person might understand Do not assume that the person will understand the connection between the illness and something they have done or something that has happened to them
47
Specific Learning Disabilities: DSM-V Guidelines
Difficulty learning or using academic skills in reading, written expression or mathematics, despite interventions Affected academic skills well below age-expected levels Significantly interfere with school or occupational performance Confirmed by individually administered, standardized measures of academic achievement Begin during school-age years but may not become fully manifested until later Cannot be accounted for by an intellectual disability, sensory issue, lack of opportunity or, inadequate instruction Diagnostic criteria met based on clinical synthesis of assessment, school reports, and history (developmental, medical, educational)
48
Specific Learning Disabilities
Prevalence 5 to 15 percent of school age children More common in males (2:1 to 3 :1) Persist into adulthood Manifestation of SLD varies with age as a consequence of changes in environmental expectations High hereditability Neuroimaging, genetic testing not yet useful for diagnosis Negative functional consequences: Higher high school drop out rate Underemployment Lower income
49
Specific Learning Disability: Reading
Reading Deficit | Inaccurate Slow Reading
50
Specific Learning Disability: Written Expression
``` Written Expression Deficit Spelling Use of vocabulary/grammar Use of punctuation and capitalization Clarity of ideas Organization of thoughts ```
51
Specific Learning Disability: Mathematics
Math Deficit | Math Calculations
52
Implications for Physicians | Pediatric Primary Care and Specialties
``` Struggling in school Memory problems Inconsistent grades Grade retention --> Psycho-educational Assessment ```
53
Implications for Physicians | Adult Primary Care and Specialties
Difficulty completing pre-visit paperwork Difficulty following complex after-visit summaries Difficulty with treatment regimens requiring complicated calculations
54
Intellectual and Learning Disabilities: Interventions
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) – a federal law that requires school districts to provide a free and appropriate education to students with disabilities Based on educational need not diagnosis Schools use Response To Intervention (RTI) method to determine if the student has received high quality instruction prior to a label of “learning disability”
55
Intellectual and Learning Disabilities: Interventions
``` Intellectual Disability Specific Learning Disability Other Health Impairment Autism Speech and Language Impairment Traumatic Brain Injury Visual Impairment Hearing Impairment Orthopedic Impairment Emotional Disturbance ```
56
Intervention: Section 504
Section 504 is a portion of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 that specifies that no program that receives federal money can discriminate against a person with a disability Requires that students have an equal opportunity to participate in all school activities Some children who do not qualify for Special Education services under IDEA may still receive accommodations under Section 504

Term 5 Psych (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions