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Cognitive Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Piaget?

A

Swiss Zoologist

Studied children including his own, concluded that we learn through international and cognitive maturation

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2
Q

What did Piaget identify?

A

Schemes

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3
Q

What is a Schema?

A

Mental structure based on previous experiences that help us formulate expectations

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4
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Incorporate new knowledge into an existing schema

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5
Q

What is accommodation?

A

If assimialtion is not possible, child goes into a state of disequilibrium which drives them to understand new information

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6
Q

What is Equilibration?

A

Drives people to either accommodate or assimilate new information

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7
Q

Give one ✅ and one ❌ of Piaget theory

A

✅ Practical applications
Change from rote learning to discovery learning where children explore

❌ Reductionist as it over simplified the process of acquiring new information and it is only a theory can not be measured

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8
Q

What are piagets stages of intellectual development?

A

Sensorimotor - knowledge through action

Pre operational - through visual

Concrete operational - physical reasoning

Formal operational - abstract logical thinking

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9
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A

Infants learn through sensory input and repeating actions to test motor and sensory input

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10
Q

Give one ✅ and one ❌ if the sensorimotor stage

A

✅ Piagets research supported this, object permanence and children under 8 months didn’t search but over did

❌ Further rematch suggests object per menace is formed younger than 9 months (Bower)

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11
Q

What is the pre operational stage?

A

Develops 2-7

Children have emerging ideas about how things work but struggle

They experience animism

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12
Q

What is an animism?

A

Attributing human attentions to objects

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13
Q

What are 3 the key characteristics of this second stage?

A

Egocentrism - only see world from their view (Piaget 3 mountains task)

Class inclusion - cannot identify sub categories (cow task with Piaget-3 black cows 1 white)

Conservation - inability to reorganise appearance of things and understand volume, width and height

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14
Q

Give one ✅ and one ❌ of the pre operational stage

A

✅ Research support for class inclusion - children shown 18 brown and 2 white beads and asked 3 Q. More brown or white?more wooden or brown?are all the beads wooden. Only focused on colour

❌ Hughes found egocentrism perils much easier and 3 mountain task too complex

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15
Q

What is the concrete operational stage?

A

Egocentrism stops
Masters class inclusion
Understand reversibility

Has problems with abstract thinking

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16
Q

What is the formal operational stage?

A

Uses abstract thinking and logical reasoning

Makes hypothesis and tests them

Piaget and his beaker colour experiment

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17
Q

Give one ✅ and one ❌ of these stages?

A

✅ practical application
Discovery learning

❌ culturally biased, abstract thinking isn’t always a feature of society

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18
Q

Who was Vygotsky?

A

Focused on;

Language

Social interaction

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19
Q

What were the 3 assumptions of Vygotskys theory?

A

Mental processes - children born with elementary mental functions but develop into higher ones through interaction

Role of culture - the role of knowledgeable others

Role of language - allows interactions and communication

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20
Q

What are the 3 stages of language development according to Vygotsky?

A

Pre intellectual - no thoughts, used for social

Egocentric - controls child behaviour

Inner - silently develop thoughts

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21
Q

What are the 2 key concepts for Vygotskys theory of cognitive development?

A

The Zone of proximal development

Scaffolding

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22
Q

What is the ZPD?

A

What child can do unaided compared what a child can do with an expert and then move onto better functions

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23
Q

Name one ✅ and one ❌ of ZPD

A

✅ Research evidence supports it
Roazzi and Bryant
Tested children on task with MKO and independent and found MKO children performed better ins and task later compared to others

❌ZPD can only be inferred and no clear cause and effect

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24
Q

What is Scaffolding?

A

Enabling a learner to solve a problem that would be beyond their abilities

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25
What are 2 examples of the ways a teacher, parent or older peer could scaffold leaning?
Verbal hints Range of answers
26
What is a positive relationship task in Scaffolding?
The more difficult the task the more scaffolding requires, scaffolding works best when the child’s mastery is less
27
Give one ✅ and one ❌ of scaffolding
✅ Research evidence Wood and Middleton studies 12 mothers giving Scaffolding to their kids ❌ Both studies used observational data, can be subjective
28
Give one ✅ and one ❌ of Vygotsky overall
✅ Research evidence for ZPD and scaffolding, Werstch observed kids looking at their mothers for help ❌.Reductionist and missing out biological factors
29
Who is Balligeron?
Builds on piagets research
30
What did she believe?
She realised that infants develop at a much younger age than Piaget said. She focused on the preservative search
31
What is the preservative search?
Argues that things continue to exist even though they are out of sight and infants will become worried
32
What are the 3 key concepts of Balligeon?
Violation of expectations Knowledge of physical world False beliefs and knowledge of psychological world
33
What is the violation of expectation?
Infants expect Verona things to happen, if these do not occur and children react then it suggests they have an understanding
34
Name 2 studies that she used to see this violation of expectations
Carrot study - carrot did not appear in the windows even though it was tall enough Drawbridge study - one group saw the bridge pass through an object others saw it being blocked, infants surprised when it passed through
35
Give one ✅ and one ❌ of Balliageons violation of expectations
✅ Methodologically strong, standardised procedures and asked parents to stand aside to not affect study ❌ Lacks validity, infants may look at the impossible task for many of reasons such as fascinating or colourful
36
What is the knowledge of physical world?
Physical reasoning system Gives infants a framework with his objects and physical events work
37
What are the 4 events associated with Balliageton and testing for this PRS?
Occlusion - Ball moves behind object Containment - Ball lanced in box Cover - box covered ball Support - Ball supported by object moved off
38
What are the 3 possible reactions that infants express?
1) all or none concept meaning 2) infants identify a variable that affects this concept 3) infants continue to add variables untill all observed are incorporated
39
Give one ✅ and one ❌ of the knowledge of physical world
✅ research support for infants understanding of covering events gradually increases ❌ other theorists argue you are not born with a PRS but it becomes extended as we interact ✅ can be universally applied
40
What is the false beliefs aspect of her research?
The skunk and doll toy and false beliefs that the women would pick out the skunk even though it was pretending to be the doll and infants recognised that
41
Give one ✅ and one ❌ of the physiological world?
✅ Good standardised procedures and practical applications, used to diagnose autism ❌ Lacks ecological validity, only took pace in a lab
42
What is social cognition?
Ability to predict, monitor and interpret the behaviours mental status of others
43
What are Selmans levels of perspective taking?
Selman believes that being able to understand others perspective allows for conflicts to better be solved
44
What dilemma was used to study this?
Holly and the clinching tree dilemma
45
What are the 5 stages ranking from 0 to 4 in selmans level of perspective taking?
Stage 0 - Socially egocentric (3-6) Stage 1 - Socially informative (6-8) Stage 2 - Self reflective role taking (8-10) Stage 3 - Mutual role taking (10-12) Stage 4 - Social and conventional role taking (12-15+)
46
What occurs in the 1st stage (0)?
Understand other people have different thoughts and feelings
47
What happens in the second stage?
Children aware others have access to different information and perspective may be different but only focus on one
48
What happens in the third stage?
Children understand that different perspectives can influence their own and others perspective
49
What happens in the 4 stage?
Children understand perspectives and can also keep outside of a two person situation and imagine how they would view it
50
What is the 5th stage of development?
Perspectives can be influenced by societal values
51
What did Selman also agree that we can do as we understand perspectives?
Deceive people
52
Give one ✅ and one ❌ of selmans levels of perspective taking
✅ evidence supports it Selman tested on 40 children aged 4-6 about a situation and could only make predictions based on information given ❌ Correlational and does not emit cause and effect , correlation between perspective taking and social competence
53
What is the theory of mind?
Ability to attribute metal states of beliefs, desires and emotions into oneself and others
54
What does ToM allow us to produce?
Empathy and sympathy
55
What does Baron Cohen suggest?
Mind reading to explain ToM as we often mind read other people’s metal states
56
What is common conceptual understanding?
Understand meanings and intentions which is good for social interaction
57
What was Wimner and Perners study?
Maxi and the chocolate in green cupboard or in blue one
58
Give one ✅ and one ❌ of the ToM?
✅ Practical applications - gaming is valuable ✅ research support - Peskin and his puppet and sticker experimentation were child would have to deceive puppet to get his favourite sticker ❌ Other factors that influence this such as large families and siblings
59
What is the ToM as an explanation for autism?
Those with autism lack coherent theory of mind meaning they struggle to understand others mental states
60
What is the Sally Anne test?
Sally puts marbel in basket, Anne has a box, sally leaves and Anne put marvel in box, where will Sally look?
61
What is a first order belief?
A belief someone attributes to another person
62
What is a second order belief?
Belief about a third person can have a view, Anne thinks sally will look here
63
Name 2 other characteristics of ToM
Shared attention mechanisms - Work our what others are thinking by what they’re doing Central coherence - considering all factors when considering how to interpret information and communication
64
Give one ✅ and one ❌ of the ToM as an explanation for autism
✅ Supporting evidence - 20 autistic, 14 with DS, 27 normal children. Only 20% scored on the false belief for autism compared to 85% for the others ✅ practical application - tea parties ❌ Other psychological disorders such as OCD and schiz also have these deficits. Also ToM deficits is not universal on all autistic children
65
What is a mirror neurons?
Reflect others actions into oneself
66
When is the only time mirror neurons fire?
Will fire if there is an interaction between movements and objects
67
Can mirror neurons understand intentions?
Rizzolatti found that if the monkeys task was to grab the food then there it would be a different activity in neurons between the grasping part and when it was to do the grasping
68
What did Dinstein find?
Activation of brain areas when same task were observed and performed repeatedly
69
How does mirror neurons system explain social cognition in humans?
Imitation and interaction/social cognition Understanding the intention Perspective taking Language acquisition - imitation of speech
70
Give one ✅ and one ❌ of social cognition
✅ Research support from Rizzolatti, as monkeys put something in their mouth it was the Same brain activity for doing something ❌ carried out on monkeys and not apply to humans, evolutionary discontinuity

Psychology (4 decks)

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