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Issues And Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gender bias?

A

One gender is more favourable than the other, assigns genders to specific characteristics and stereotypes

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2
Q

What is universally in gender?

A

Ability for research findings to be applied to everyone, regardless of gender

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3
Q

What are psychological theories that contain androcentrism?

A

Asch
Kholberg
Zimbardo
Macaboy and jacklin (girls and boys had differences such as arithmetic for boys)

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4
Q

What is alpha bias?

A

Theories tend to over exaggerate differences in men and women

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5
Q

What is beta bias?

A

Minimise the differences between men and women and ignore them in research

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6
Q

Give one ✅ and one ❌ of gender bias?

A

✅ Has led to psychologists challenging the gender bias in well established theories such as the Darwin view of women less competitive

❌Significant theories of human behaviour has been built on Afrocentric and gender bias values

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7
Q

What is culture bias?

A

Judge people in terms of ones own cultural beliefs

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8
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Use your own culture as the standards for research and evaluate other cultures

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9
Q

What is an Eric approach?

A

Research carried out across all cultures to see what is universal in terms of behaviour. Berry found conformity isn’t universal

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10
Q

What is an imposed Etic?

A

Where a construct from one culture is applied inappropriately to another

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11
Q

What is an Enic approach?

A

One culture is studied in order to discover culture specific behaviour

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12
Q

What did Mead research?

A

Coming of age

Study of youth in Samoan cultures and their life is different To others

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13
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Within one culture, not everyone will be the same in other cultures and therefore can not judge on IQ or education

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14
Q

Name one ✅ and one ❌ of culture bias?

A

✅ Ethnocentrism has led to an increase in the psychology community worldwide to which information about certain behaviours and cultures is shared

❌ consequences of culture bias can be damaging. IQ shown that African Americans were the lowest and had an impact on how they were looked upon

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15
Q

What is determinism?

A

A belief that every outcome is inevitable, it will happen

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16
Q

What is hard determinism?

A

Human behaviour and actions are wholly determined by external factors

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17
Q

What is soft determinism?

A

Human behaviour and actions determined by casual events, defined by nature

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18
Q

What is free will?

A

Idea that we have a choice in how we act and behave

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19
Q

What are the other 3 types of determinism?

A

Biological

Environmental

Psychic

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20
Q

What is biological determinism?

A

All human traits are based on hereditary factors, such as dwarfism, Autism, and criminality

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21
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

Behaviour is determined by experience and learnt through conditioning

Bandura (bobo doll)

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22
Q

What is psychic determinism?

A

All mental processes are not spontaneous but are determined by the unconscious mind

Sigman Freud

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23
Q

Give one ✅ and one ❌ of free will and determinism?

A

✅ Determinism allows for a more scientific approach, allows for predications

❌ Research suggests that there is some free will, Milgram and 60% administered 450 volts

✅ Free will can be determined by internal brain activity and therefore Skinner and Freud suggest free will is an illusion

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24
Q

What is an interactionist perspective of this free will and determinism?

Study These Flashcards
A

Social learning theory

25
What is the nature vs nurture debate?
Nature: Behaviour has its roots in genes and reduce behaviour to what we are born with Nurture: determined by the environment
26
What is the hereditary and environment?
Hereditary refers to transmission of mental and physical characteristics Environment is the influence of human behaviour that is non genetic
27
What is the interactionist diathesis stress model?
Both genetic predisposition and environmental triggers allow for a disorder to develop, even though they develop from genetics, environmental triggers are needed
28
What did Gottesman find?
A 0.48 hereditary co efficient
29
What are epileptics?
Change in our genetic expression without changing our code
30
How is epigenetics caused?
Interaction with environment
31
What are some of the things that can cause and leave epigenetic marks?
Smoking and diet
32
What did Dias And Ressler find in 2014?
Mice taught to fear a scent by giving shocks Mice would produce offspring that was also fearful of this scent even though they were not conditioned to be fearful
33
Give one ✅ and ❌ for nurture be nature
✅ Evidence that shows nurture dictates a lot of our lives such as phobias (little Albert) ✅ Evidence that nature drives much of our lives, Nesdadt found a concordance rate of 0.68 for MZ twins for OCD ❌ Theoretical flaws with little Albert, as it was only him and he was young
34
What practical applications can the nature and nurture debate have?
Anti psychotics that decreases dopamine and helps treat Schizophrenia
35
What is passive interaction?
During infancy, the environment is provided by the parents that reflect their genes and therefore is genetically suitable upbringing
36
What is Evocative interaction?
Environments respond to propel based on their genes and therefore infants evoke social and physical responses through interaction
37
What is reductionism?
Belief that human behaviour can be broken down into simpler components
38
What is Parismony?
The idea that a complex phenomena should be explained in the simplest terms possible
39
What is holistic?
Refers to a approach that emphasises the whole rather than specific parts
40
What are the levels of reductionism?
Highest - cultural/social - memory and cultural explanations Middle - Psychological - Memory and rehearsal Lower - biological - biological aspects influence memories such as NTs
41
What is biological reductionism?
Behaviour always comes down to biology because of our genetic makeup determining things such as OCD
42
What is environmental reductionism?
Behaviourist approach and that only observable behaviours should be studied.
43
What do behaviourist not believe in?
Cognitive explanations and psychological reasons
44
What are some of the studies that correlate with environmental stimulus?
Pavlov and Skinner
45
Name 3 ✅ and one ❌ of holism and reductionism?
✅ Biological educationist allows for nomothetic laws and based on science ✅ Practical applications for biological reductionism (Anti depressants and 40-60% reduce symptoms) ✅ practical applications for Environmental reductionism, Systematic desensitisation ❌ other explanations ignored
46
What does ideographic mean?
People should be studies as unique entities each with their own subjective interpretations
47
Name 2 examples of ideographic research processes
Case studies Interviews
48
What is the Nomothetic approach?
Produce general laws of human behaviour
49
What did Radford and Kirby find about the nomothetic laws?
Has led to 3 general laws in psychology 1) classifying people into groups 2) Establishing principles of behaviour 3) Establishing dimensions along which people can be placed and measured
50
Name 2 examples of nomothetic research processes
Experiments Correlational studies
51
Give 2 ✅ and 2 ❌ of the idiographic and nomothetic approach?
✅ Ideographic allows for an in depth account for an individual ❌ Idiographic approach lacks scientific rigour, subjective interpretation ✅ Nomothetic has good proactively applications in psychology due to general laws ❌ Not value individual experiences in research
52
What are the 7 ethical implications in psychology?
``` When - Withdraw Doing - Deception Psychology -Protection form harm Do - debriefing It - Informed consent Correctly - confidentiality Obviously - objectivity ```
53
What are ethical implications?
Impact on wider society and rights of people participating
54
Who explained social sensitivity?
Seiber and Stanley
55
What did Seiber and Stanley define socially sensitive as?
Studies to which there are consequences or implications for the individual or class they are in
56
What are the 4 aspects of reach processes that could bring about social consequence?
Research Q Treatment of participants - Anonyninity and protection from harm Institutional context - how data is being used Application of findings - how they are interpreted in the real world
57
What are the 5 ethical issues in socially sensitive research?
Valid methodology - Deception? Confidentiality Informed consent Ownership of data - Sponsorship and what is it being used for Risk / benefit ratio - risks be minimised
58
Give one ✅ and one ❌ of ethical implications?
✅ Has an impact in society, has allowed for researchers to further take in account research and its repercussions ❌ Ethical guidelines inadequate, may take into account on participants but not on society and the groups it targets

Psychology (4 decks)

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