Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

Question 1

Approach to the study of cognitive
development that is concerned with
basic mechanics of learning.

Answer 1

behaviorist approach

Question 2

Approach to the study of cognitive
development that seeks to measure
intelligence quantitatively.

Answer 2

psychometric approach

Question 3

Approach to the study of cognitive
development that describes qualitative
stages in cognitive functioning.

Answer 3

Piagetian approach

Question 4

Approach to the study of cognitive
development that analyzes processes
involved in perceiving and handling
information.

Answer 4

information-processing approach

Question 5

Approach to the study of cognitive
development that links brain processes
with cognitive ones.

Answer 5

cognitive neuroscience approach

Question 6

Approach to the study of cognitive development that focuses on environmental influences, particularly parents and other caregivers.

Answer 6

social-contextual approach

Question 7

Learning based on associating a
stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that
does elicit the response.

Answer 7

Classical conditioning

Question 8

Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences.

Answer 8

Operant conditioning

Question 9

Behavior that is goal-oriented and
adaptive to circumstances and
conditions of life.

Answer 9

intelligent behavior

Question 10

Psychometric tests that seek to measure
intelligence by comparing a test-taker’s
performance with standardized norms.

Answer 10

IQ (intelligence quotient) tests

Question 11

This is a developmental test designed to assess children from 1 month to 31⁄2 years.

Answer 11

Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development

Question 12

Instrument to measure the influence of the home environment on children’s cognitive growth.

Answer 12

Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)

Question 13

Systematic process of providing
services to help families meet young
children’s developmental needs.

Answer 13

Early intervention

Question 14

Piaget’s first stage in cognitive
development, in which infants learn
through senses and motor activity.

Answer 14

Sensorimotor stage

Question 15

Piaget’s term for organized patterns o thought and behavior used in particular situations.

Answer 15

Schemes

Question 16

Piaget’s term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance.

Answer 16

Circular reactions

Question 17

Piaget’s term for capacity to store
mental images or symbols of objects
and events.

Answer 17

Representational ability

Question 18

Imitation with parts of one’s body that one can see.

Answer 18

Visible imitation

Question 19

Imitation with parts of one’s body that one cannot see.

Answer 19

Invisible imitation

Question 20

Piaget’s term for reproduction of an
observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it.

Answer 20

Deferred imitation

Question 21

Research method in which infants or
toddlers are induced to imitate a
specifi c series of actions they have
seen but not necessarily done before.

Answer 21

Elicited imitation

Question 22

Piaget’s term for the understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight.

Answer 22

Object permanence

Question 23

Proposal that children under age 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at
the same time.

Answer 23

Dual representation hypothesis

Question 24

Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response.

Answer 24

Habituation

Question 26

Tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another.

Answer 26

Visual preference

Question 27

Ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time.

Answer 27

visual recognition memory

Question 29

Research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising.

Answer 29

Violation-of-expectations

Question 30

Unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills; sometimes called procedural memory.

Answer 30

Implicit memory

Question 31

Intentional and conscious memory, generally of facts, names, and events.

Answer 31

Explicit memory (declarative memory)

Question 32

Short-term storage of information being actively processed.

Answer 32

Working memory

Question 33

Adult’s participation in a child’s activity that helps to structure it and bring the child’s understanding of it closer to the adult’s.

Answer 33

Guided participation

Question 34

Communication system based on words and grammar.

Answer 34

Language

Question 36

Verbal expression designed to convey meaning.

Answer 36

Linguistic speech

Question 37

Single word that conveys a complete thought.

Answer 37

Holophrase

Question 38

Early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words.

Answer 38

Telegraphic speech

Question 39

Rules for forming sentences in a particular language.

Answer 39

Syntax

Question 40

Theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition.

Answer 40

Nativism

Question 41

In Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear.

Answer 41

language acquisition device (LAD)

Question 42

Use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken.

Answer 42

Code mixing

Question 43

Changing one’s speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual.

Answer 43

Code switching

Question 44

Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition; also called parentese or motherese

Answer 44

child-directed speech (CDS)