Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years

Question 1

The relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes a person unique.

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

Subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes.

Answer 2

Emotions

Question 3

It is the most powerful way infants can communicate their needs.

Answer 3

Crying

Question 4

a rhythmic cry, which is not always associated with hunger.

Answer 4

Angry cry

Question 5

a sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning, sometimes followed by holding the breath.

Answer 5

Pain cry

Question 6

two or three drawn-out cries, with no prolonged breath-holding

Answer 6

Frustration cry

Question 7

Infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling.

Answer 7

Anticipatory smiling

Question 8

Emotions, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on self-awareness.

Answer 8

Self-conscious emotions

Question 9

Realization that one’s existence and
functioning are separate from those of other people and things.

Answer 9

Self-awareness

Question 10

Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior.

Answer 10

Self-evaluative emotions

Question 11

Activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward.

Answer 11

Altruistic behavior

Question 12

Ability to put oneself in another
person’s place and feel what the other person feels.

Answer 12

Empathy

Question 13

Neurons that fi re when a person does something or observes someone else doing the same thing.

Answer 13

Mirror neurons

Question 14

The ability to understand that others
have mental states and to gauge their feelings and actions.

Answer 14

Social cognitions

Question 15

Characteristic disposition or style of
approaching and reacting to situations.

Answer 15

Temperament

Question 16

Children with a generally happy
temperament, regular biological
rhythms, and a readiness to accept
new experiences.

Answer 16

easy children

Question 17

Children with irritable temperament,
irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses.

Answer 17

difficult children

Question 18

Children whose temperament is
generally mild but who are hesitant
about accepting new experiences.

Answer 18

slow-to-warm-up children

Question 19

Appropriateness of environmental
demands and constraints to a child’s temperament.

Answer 19

goodness of fit

Question 20

Erikson’s first stage in psychosocial
development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects.

Answer 20

Basic sense of trust versus mistrust

Question 21

Reciprocal, enduring tie between two people—especially between infant and caregiver—each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship.

Answer 21

Attachment

Question 23

Pattern in which an infant cries or
protests when the primary caregiver
leaves and actively seeks out the
caregiver on his or her return.

Answer 23

secure attachment

Question 24

Pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return.

Answer 24

avoidant attachment

Question 25

Pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return.

Answer 25

ambivalent (resistant) attachment

Question 26

Pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory, repetitious, or misdirected behaviors on his or her return.

Answer 26

disorganized-disoriented attachment

Question 27

Wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the 1st year.

Answer 27

stranger anxiety

Question 28

Distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves.

Answer 28

separation anxiety

Question 29

Process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately.

Answer 29

mutual regulation

Question 30

Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking another person’s perception of it.

Answer 30

social referencing

Question 31

Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.

Answer 31

self-concept

Question 32

Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others.

Answer 32

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 33

the sense of being a physical whole with boundaries separate from the rest of the world.

Answer 33

self-coherence

Question 34

It is a conscious knowledge of the self as a distinct, identifiable being builds on this dawning of perceptual distinction between self and others.

Answer 34

self-awareness

Question 35

Development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society.

Answer 35

socialization

Question 36

During socialization, process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own.

Answer 36

internalization

Question 37

A child’s independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations.

Answer 37

self-regulation