Cognitive explanations of gender development Flashcards
(12 cards)
What are the three stages and ages for gender development
Gender identity 2 to 3
Gender stability 4 to 5
Gender Constancy 6 to 7
Define Gender identity (Kohlberg)
A child Understands their Gender as a boy or girl but not that it is unchanging
Define Gender stability (Kohlberg)
A child understand their Gender as a boy or a girl and that it is unchanging but not that other people’s Gender’s don’t change
Define Gender Constancy (Kohlberg)
A child understands that the Gender of their self and others is unchanging despite appearances
What Theory did Martin and Halverson create
Gender schema theory
What is Gender schema theory (Martin and Halverson)
A theory that children develop their gender based on a schema based on what is socially appropriate for their gender, they seek behaviours that affirm the schema and reject behaviour that doesn’t, later on at 6 they have detailed gender schema’s for both their Ingroup and the Outgroup
What study did Martin and Halverson conduct (GST)
Martin and Halverson had children look at images of Men and Women performing different tasks, some Gender appropriate, like men playing football and some not, like women doing construction. when asked about the images later, the children couldn’t recall gender inappropriate behaviour or the opposite Gender’s appropriate tasks.
What are children more like to remember (GST)
In group behaviours
What are children likely to reject (GST)
Out group behaviours
Martin and Halverson found that children aged 4 - 5 chose toys based on what (GST)
Gender labels
Evaluate Kohlberg
Evidence for gender constancy at 6, 4 year olds said it was fine for a fictional boy to play with dolls, 6 year olds said it was wrong
CA: Bussey and Bandura found children as young as 4 felt good about gender appropriate behaviour and bad about the opposite
methodological issues, Bem says that 40% of children aged 3 to 5 can demonstrate constancy when they could see physical differences under appearances
Nature vs nurture, Cross cultural evidence, Munroe et al, suggests that the cognitive processes in gender development may be universal
Degrees of consistency, Martin et al suggests that a low degree enlightens children to the importance of gender like in choosing a friend, a higher degree increase responsiveness to gender norms
Evaluate GST
Evidence to support, Martin and Halverson, Children had a tendency to change the gender of the person doing gender inappropriate behaviour
Earlier gender than Martin and Halverson suggest, Zosuls founds that children label themselves as a boy or girl at 19 months and not 2 to 3 years
Can account for cultural differences
