Cognitive Functions - Chapter 27

Question 1

Where are cognitive functions orchestrated in the brain?

Answer 1

Association cortices

Question 2

How is the cortex organized?

Answer 2

Internal structure, organization, connectivity/wiring

Question 3

Sensorimotor organisms

Answer 3

Sensory organs reached, motor interactions

Question 4

Cognition

Answer 4

“in between” info - memory, learning, attention, executive functions, consciousness

Question 5

Eric Kandel

Answer 5

Cognitive neuroscience is the “New science of mind”

Question 6

Whats the most ancient cortex?

Answer 6

Paleocortex (pyriform cortex - olfactory system)
3 layers

Question 7

Neocortex(Motor cortex) - how many layers?

Answer 7

6 layers

Question 8

How many layers in the Archiocortex?

Answer 8

4 layers

Question 9

What are the 2 ways of characterizing cortex? What do they mean?

Answer 9

1)cytoarchitecture: where they are located
2)myleoarchitecture: how much myelin do the axons have

Question 10

Canonical circuit

Answer 10

Layers of neurons passing info down 6 layers. All have primary input and output targets, Have vertical connections and horizontal connections. Cells with similar functions are aligned radially (Diagonally). Interneurons within layers give rise to axons that extend horizontally.

Question 11

Where do layers 1-3 send outputs to?

Answer 11

Cortical areas. 3 is cortical areas on opposite hemisphere

Question 12

Where do layers 4-5 send outputs to?

Answer 12

Subcortical structures (e.g striatum, superior colliculus)

Question 13

Where does layer 6 send outputs to?

Answer 13

Thalamus

Question 14

Korbinian Brodmann - Cytoarchitecture

Answer 14

“Regions of the brain with similar structures in both cell type layering could produce a specific function”

Question 15

Histological staining techniques

Question 16

What was the first area to be localized in the brain?

Answer 16

Broca’s area - speech

Question 17

Brenda Milner

Answer 17

Memory - temporal lobe

Question 18

Phineas gage

Answer 18

PFC

Question 19

Wilder Penfield

Answer 19

Neurosurgical patients. Motor and sensory homunculi.

Question 20

Neuropsychological testing

Answer 20

e.g test for memory
combined with functional neuroimaging + neuromodulation(TMS and IDCS)

Question 21

Thalamic nuclei: Pulvinar

Answer 21

Parietal Association

Question 22

Thalamic nuclei: medial dorsal

Answer 22

Frontal Association

Question 23

Where does the majority of input come from?

Answer 23

Corticocortical connections

Question 24

Input from same hemisphere

Answer 24

U - shaped fibers / long association fibers

Question 25

Interhemispheric input

Answer 25

Long association through corpus callosum

Question 26

Association cortices are modulated by what 4 nuclei? Where are they located? What do they promote?

Answer 26

Cholinergic - brainstem and basal forebrain: memory, learning, attention Dopaminergic - midbrain: pleasure, salience, motivation, reward-learning Noradenergic - brainstem: wakefulness, stress-reaction Seratoninergic - brainstem: mood, memory processing, sleep

Question 27

Delivering continuous pulses to a brain area activates or inhibits the function?

Answer 27

Inhibits

Question 28

Define an association area

Answer 28

Each association area is defined by a distinct

Question 29

Human Connectome Project

Answer 29

Mapping neuronal connections

Question 30

Parietal lobe? Stuff in it?

Answer 30

Attention and perceptual awareness Somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association area Speech Taste Reading

Question 31

Temporal lobe? Stuff in it?

Answer 31

Categorization, recognition, semantic memory Smell Hearing Auditory association area

Question 32

Frontal lobe?

Answer 32

Planning and regulation of behavior (decision making and behavioral inhibition) Frontal association area Speech Motor cortex

Question 33

Stuff in the occipital lobe?

Answer 33

Visual association cortex Vision

Question 34

Lesion on right parietal association cortex

Answer 34

Severe left visual neglect

Question 35

Left hemisphere parietal cortex lesion leads to...

Answer 35

Minimal right visual field neglect

Question 36

Partial bilateral lesion to parietal association cortex

Answer 36

Severe right neglect

Question 37

Which side of the parietal cortex gives spatial awareness for both the left and the right sides of my field?

Answer 37

Right side

Question 38

Attention sensitive neurons fire when...

Answer 38

person pays attention

Question 39

Wernicke's Area

Answer 39

Lesion in temporal lobe - can't understand what people are saying to them and what they are saying - language comprehension area

Question 40

Ventral - WHAT pathway

Answer 40

Temporal association cortex - Agnosia

Question 41

Ventral/inferior temporal surface

Answer 41

Agnosia What pathway Specific type of stimuli according to region

Question 42

Anterior pole

Answer 42

Semantic Dementia - Cannot associate words with their meaning (Anomia)

Question 43

Lesion to Visual Word For Area - Left Temporal Lobe:

Answer 43

Alexia

Question 44

Lesion to right temporal lobe - Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

Answer 44

Prosopagnosia

Question 45

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Answer 45

Place and scene processing

Question 46

Apperceptive and Associative

Answer 46

IDK LOOK

Question 47

Frontal Association Cortex

Answer 47

Self in relation to world - what is socially acceptable select, plan and execute appropriate behavior Lesion changes persons personality

Question 48

Functional Deficits: Frontal Association Cortex

Answer 48

Cognitive disabilities, impaired restaint, disordered thought, perseveration and inability to plan appropriate action Phineas Gage, basically became a dick and couldn't plan ahead Joe A , sexually inappropriate, couldnt plan for the future, not appropriate and lost initiative and creativity Frontal Lobotomies

Question 49

Wisconsin card sorting task

Answer 49

Frontal association cortex

Question 50

Short term memory functions and planning - Frontal association cortex

Answer 50

Dorsolateraly

Question 51

Value and decision making - Frontal Association Cortex

Answer 51

Ventromedially

Question 52

Delayed response task

Answer 52

"Use remembered info to plan and guide appropriate sequences of behaviour

Question 53

Large Scale Brain Networks

Answer 53

Interconnected networks function together

Question 54

Cortex - explain

Answer 54

Wrinkled, two dimensional sheet of layered neurons

Question 55

2 types of association cortices -3ary areas

Answer 55

Unimodal and multimodal "regions of cortex where injury causes cognitive deficits that cannot be explained by impairment of sensory or motor function alone"

Question 56

How does info flow in the CNS - give example

Answer 56

Sensory organs ->primary sensory areas ->secondary(sensory areas that are unimodal association cortices) and tertiary secondary ->multimodal association(here behavioural response gets organized) prefrontal cortex->secondary motor areas->premotor cortex and supplementary motor area ->organize motor patterns ->primary motor cortex

Question 57

top-down modulation

Answer 57

what I've already learned influences what I perceive

Question 58

Parietal association cortex

Answer 58

Attention and awareness of the body and the stimuli around it Integrates somatic, visual, acoustic and vestibular sensory info - spatial cognition and motor control of the eyes and extremities Attention sensitive neurons

Question 59

Prosopagnosia

Answer 59

Right temporal lobe (FFA)

Question 60

Limbic Association Cortex

Answer 60

Learn from outcomes

Question 61

Limbic - Orbital and ventromedial cortex

Answer 61

connected to amygdala and hippocampus - emotional processes

Question 62

Hippocampal formation

Answer 62

Mediates formation of long-term memories and then transfers them to the neocortex(higher order functions)