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NSCI 201 > Cognitive Functions - Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Cognitive Functions - Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are cognitive functions orchestrated in the brain?

A

Association cortices

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2
Q

How is the cortex organized?

A

Internal structure, organization, connectivity/wiring

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3
Q

Sensorimotor organisms

A

Sensory organs reached, motor interactions

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4
Q

Cognition

A

“in between” info - memory, learning, attention, executive functions, consciousness

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5
Q

Eric Kandel

A

Cognitive neuroscience is the “New science of mind”

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6
Q

Whats the most ancient cortex?

A

Paleocortex (pyriform cortex - olfactory system)
3 layers

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7
Q

Neocortex(Motor cortex) - how many layers?

A

6 layers

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8
Q

How many layers in the Archiocortex?

A

4 layers

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9
Q

What are the 2 ways of characterizing cortex? What do they mean?

A

1)cytoarchitecture: where they are located
2)myleoarchitecture: how much myelin do the axons have

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10
Q

Canonical circuit

A

Layers of neurons passing info down 6 layers. All have primary input and output targets, Have vertical connections and horizontal connections. Cells with similar functions are aligned radially (Diagonally). Interneurons within layers give rise to axons that extend horizontally.

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11
Q

Where do layers 1-3 send outputs to?

A

Cortical areas. 3 is cortical areas on opposite hemisphere

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12
Q

Where do layers 4-5 send outputs to?

A

Subcortical structures (e.g striatum, superior colliculus)

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13
Q

Where does layer 6 send outputs to?

A

Thalamus

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14
Q

Korbinian Brodmann - Cytoarchitecture

A

“Regions of the brain with similar structures in both cell type layering could produce a specific function”

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15
Q

Histological staining techniques

A
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16
Q

What was the first area to be localized in the brain?

A

Broca’s area - speech

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17
Q

Brenda Milner

A

Memory - temporal lobe

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18
Q

Phineas gage

A

PFC

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19
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

Neurosurgical patients. Motor and sensory homunculi.

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20
Q

Neuropsychological testing

A

e.g test for memory
combined with functional neuroimaging + neuromodulation(TMS and IDCS)

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21
Q

Thalamic nuclei: Pulvinar

A

Parietal Association

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22
Q

Thalamic nuclei: medial dorsal

A

Frontal Association

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23
Q

Where does the majority of input come from?

A

Corticocortical connections

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24
Q

Input from same hemisphere

A

U - shaped fibers / long association fibers

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25
Q

Interhemispheric input

A

Long association through corpus callosum

26
Q

Association cortices are modulated by what 4 nuclei? Where are they located? What do they promote?

A

Cholinergic - brainstem and basal forebrain: memory, learning, attention
Dopaminergic - midbrain: pleasure, salience, motivation, reward-learning
Noradenergic - brainstem: wakefulness, stress-reaction
Seratoninergic - brainstem: mood, memory processing, sleep

27
Q

Delivering continuous pulses to a brain area activates or inhibits the function?

A

Inhibits

28
Q

Define an association area

A

Each association area is defined by a distinct

29
Q

Human Connectome Project

A

Mapping neuronal connections

30
Q

Parietal lobe? Stuff in it?

A

Attention and perceptual awareness
Somatosensory cortex
Somatosensory association area
Speech
Taste
Reading

31
Q

Temporal lobe? Stuff in it?

A

Categorization, recognition, semantic memory
Smell
Hearing
Auditory association area

32
Q

Frontal lobe?

A

Planning and regulation of behavior (decision making and behavioral inhibition)
Frontal association area
Speech
Motor cortex

33
Q

Stuff in the occipital lobe?

A

Visual association cortex
Vision

34
Q

Lesion on right parietal association cortex

A

Severe left visual neglect

35
Q

Left hemisphere parietal cortex lesion leads to…

A

Minimal right visual field neglect

36
Q

Partial bilateral lesion to parietal association cortex

A

Severe right neglect

37
Q

Which side of the parietal cortex gives spatial awareness for both the left and the right sides of my field?

A

Right side

38
Q

Attention sensitive neurons fire when…

A

person pays attention

39
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Lesion in temporal lobe - can’t understand what people are saying to them and what they are saying - language comprehension area

40
Q

Ventral - WHAT pathway

A

Temporal association cortex - Agnosia

41
Q

Ventral/inferior temporal surface

A

Agnosia
What pathway
Specific type of stimuli according to region

42
Q

Anterior pole

A

Semantic Dementia - Cannot associate words with their meaning (Anomia)

43
Q

Lesion to Visual Word For Area - Left Temporal Lobe:

A

Alexia

44
Q

Lesion to right temporal lobe - Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

A

Prosopagnosia

45
Q

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

Place and scene processing

46
Q

Apperceptive and Associative

A

IDK LOOK

47
Q

Frontal Association Cortex

A

Self in relation to world - what is socially acceptable
select, plan and execute appropriate behavior
Lesion changes persons personality

48
Q

Functional Deficits: Frontal Association Cortex

A

Cognitive disabilities, impaired restaint, disordered thought, perseveration and inability to plan appropriate action
Phineas Gage, basically became a dick and couldn’t plan ahead
Joe A , sexually inappropriate, couldnt plan for the future, not appropriate and lost initiative and creativity
Frontal Lobotomies

49
Q

Wisconsin card sorting task

A

Frontal association cortex

50
Q

Short term memory functions and planning - Frontal association cortex

A

Dorsolateraly

51
Q

Value and decision making - Frontal Association Cortex

A

Ventromedially

52
Q

Delayed response task

A

“Use remembered info to plan and guide appropriate sequences of behaviour

53
Q

Large Scale Brain Networks

A

Interconnected networks function together

54
Q

Cortex - explain

A

Wrinkled, two dimensional sheet of layered neurons

55
Q

2 types of association cortices -3ary areas

A

Unimodal and multimodal
“regions of cortex where injury causes cognitive deficits that cannot be explained by impairment of sensory or motor function alone”

56
Q

How does info flow in the CNS - give example

A

Sensory organs ->primary sensory areas ->secondary(sensory areas that are unimodal association cortices) and tertiary secondary ->multimodal association(here behavioural response gets organized)
prefrontal cortex->secondary motor areas->premotor cortex and supplementary motor area ->organize motor patterns ->primary motor cortex

57
Q

top-down modulation

A

what I’ve already learned influences what I perceive

58
Q

Parietal association cortex

A

Attention and awareness of the body and the stimuli around it
Integrates somatic, visual, acoustic and vestibular sensory info - spatial cognition and motor control of the eyes and extremities
Attention sensitive neurons

59
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Right temporal lobe (FFA)

60
Q

Limbic Association Cortex

A

Learn from outcomes

61
Q

Limbic - Orbital and ventromedial cortex

A

connected to amygdala and hippocampus - emotional processes

62
Q

Hippocampal formation

A

Mediates formation of long-term memories and then transfers them to the neocortex(higher order functions)

NSCI 201 (7 decks)

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