Thinking, Planning, Deciding - Chapter 32

Question 1

Three Category Model

Answer 1

Inhibitory control
Working Memory
Cognitive/Mental flexibility

Question 2

Four Category Model

Answer 2

Info processing
Goal setting
Attentional control
Cognitive flexibility

Question 3

Executive functions

Answer 3

A control system that adapts cognitive functions to the current environment and state of the organism

Question 4

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 4

Integrating sensory inpu and motor output

Question 5

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex/Orbitofrontal Cortex

Answer 5

Memory and emotion

Question 6

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 6

Working Memory
Connected to:
- Reward related: OFC, ACC
- Planning related: Premotor cortex
- Attention related: Parietal areas
Cognitive control and flexible behavior
Regulator of input-output pathways
Switching attention, working memory, maintaining abstract rules, inhibiting inappropriate responses

Question 7

Flexible behavior: What cortex?

Answer 7

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
re-compute strategies
Override habits and find new solutions in non-predictable circumstances
THE MOST FLEXIBLE, COMPLEX, FUTURE-ORIENTED BEHAVIORS ARE ORGANIZED AND PLANNED THROUGH PROCESSES IN THE DLPFC

Question 8

How did we find that the DLPFC is involved in working memory?

Answer 8

Delayed response task
During the delay the PFC is firing for the particular square that was shown before proving working memory

Question 9

Abstract rules - DLFPC

Answer 9

Wisconsin card sorting test: first match colors then change the task to matching shapes instead.
shows systematic patterns of activity that accord with specific rules
changes in the rules change the firing rates of neurons

Question 10

Damage to DLPFC

Answer 10

Can learn a rule, but no change in behavior if rule is changed
Stuck in behavioral routines, not adapting to changing circumstances

Question 11

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and VMPFC

Answer 11

Estimating reward value
Maintain the values of 2 or more options
- maintain values of multiple options in short-term memory
Compare values of disparate options that differ in multiple dimensions - lesions in vmPFC disrupt this process
Credit assignment - identifying stimulus responsible for a reward or punishment

Question 12

Evaluation of options

Answer 12

Sensory areas
- identification of stimuli and its properties
Hippocampus, Amygdala, Medial Temporal lobe
- retrieval of past experiences
Reward-related dopamine neurons in MIDBRAIN
- Associations b/w actions/objects and consequences (reward and punishment)

Question 13

ACC

Answer 13

learn from consequences of actions
Error related negativity - EEG signal that happens around 200 ms after a subject makes a mistake
Inputs: Perception, emotion, attention and memory system
Output: feedback signals to the control systems that regulate connection b/w sensory inputs and behavioral outputs (Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex)

Question 14

Error related negativity

Answer 14

ACC signals detected by EEG

Question 15

ACC and Learning From Consequences

Answer 15

Evaluation of outcomes and generation of feeback signals
- Update behavioral goals
- Adopt new cognitive rules
Responses of ACC neurons are affected by
- Size of the reward
- Consequences of the actions(errors that reduce rewards
ACC tracks the values of outcomes when this information is used to guide future behavior
Monitors counterfactual or fictive outcomes (what would have happened?)

Question 16

Higher activation in ACC then higher activation in DLPFC, why?

Answer 16

ACC detects need to change behaviour
DLPFC implements it

Question 17

What does conflict of different action plans activate?

Answer 17

ACC

Question 18

OCD

Answer 18

Increased activity in ACC - Overly sensitive to stimuli
Feeling that everything can lead to a mistake

Question 19

What will damage to the ACC cause?

Answer 19

Impairments in learning from the consequences

Question 20

Cingulotomy

Answer 20

Surgical ablation of the ACC to treat OCC
Reduces individual’s sensitivity to minor errors
ACC’s regulatory monitoring activity is hyperactive
Improves anxiety but person still has some compulsions/obsessions

Question 21

Anterior Insula

Answer 21

INTEROCEPTION (stores representation of bodily states e.g hunger, itch, temp, fatigue)
Unconscious but affects decision making

Question 22

Where is the insula

Answer 22

Buried within the lateral sulcus b/w the temporal and frontal lobes

Question 23

where does the anterior insula receive input from?

Answer 23

Receives input from ACC(often coactivated), inferior temporal lobe PFC, OFC, amygdala and hippocampus
Receives visceral input from PNS

Question 24

Iowa Gambling Task

Answer 24

Advantageous deck - frequent minimal losses, occasional big gains
Disadvantageous deck - frequent minimal gains occasional large losses

Question 25

How is the Iowa Gambling Task affected when one has damage to the anterior insula or OFC?

Answer 25

people choose the disadvantageous deck because they don’t process the negative impact of the huge loss

Question 26

Ventrolateral PFC

Answer 26

Behavioral inhibition “change your mind”

Question 27

VLPFC connects with what?

Answer 27

Sensory areas in inferotemporal cortex
Auditory superior temporal gyrus
It’s outputs REGULATE Dorsolateral PFC

Question 28

Evidence that _____ can increase our interception

Answer 28

Music, dance, yoga

Question 29

Damage to VLPFC

Answer 29

Respond impulsively (more rapid, less accurate)
Make poor decisions

Question 30

Go/No go task

Answer 30

Tests behavioral inhibition
fMRI shows activation of VLPFC

Question 31

Posterior Cingulate Cortex

Answer 31

Does not respond to sensory stimuli
Responds to own inner monologue
Linked to self-awareness

Question 32

Default Mode Network

Answer 32

Brain regions that show greater activity when individuals are not engaged in a task

Question 33

Introspection for future decisions making, what region?

Answer 33

PCC

Question 34

Linked to exploratory behavior, what region?

Answer 34

PCC