Thinking, Planning, Deciding - Chapter 32 Flashcards
(34 cards)
Three Category Model
Inhibitory control
Working Memory
Cognitive/Mental flexibility
Four Category Model
Info processing
Goal setting
Attentional control
Cognitive flexibility
Executive functions
A control system that adapts cognitive functions to the current environment and state of the organism
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
Integrating sensory inpu and motor output
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex/Orbitofrontal Cortex
Memory and emotion
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Working Memory
Connected to:
- Reward related: OFC, ACC
- Planning related: Premotor cortex
- Attention related: Parietal areas
Cognitive control and flexible behavior
Regulator of input-output pathways
Switching attention, working memory, maintaining abstract rules, inhibiting inappropriate responses
Flexible behavior: What cortex?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
re-compute strategies
Override habits and find new solutions in non-predictable circumstances
THE MOST FLEXIBLE, COMPLEX, FUTURE-ORIENTED BEHAVIORS ARE ORGANIZED AND PLANNED THROUGH PROCESSES IN THE DLPFC
How did we find that the DLPFC is involved in working memory?
Delayed response task
During the delay the PFC is firing for the particular square that was shown before proving working memory
Abstract rules - DLFPC
Wisconsin card sorting test: first match colors then change the task to matching shapes instead.
shows systematic patterns of activity that accord with specific rules
changes in the rules change the firing rates of neurons
Damage to DLPFC
Can learn a rule, but no change in behavior if rule is changed
Stuck in behavioral routines, not adapting to changing circumstances
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and VMPFC
Estimating reward value
Maintain the values of 2 or more options
- maintain values of multiple options in short-term memory
Compare values of disparate options that differ in multiple dimensions - lesions in vmPFC disrupt this process
Credit assignment - identifying stimulus responsible for a reward or punishment
Evaluation of options
Sensory areas
- identification of stimuli and its properties
Hippocampus, Amygdala, Medial Temporal lobe
- retrieval of past experiences
Reward-related dopamine neurons in MIDBRAIN
- Associations b/w actions/objects and consequences (reward and punishment)
ACC
learn from consequences of actions
Error related negativity - EEG signal that happens around 200 ms after a subject makes a mistake
Inputs: Perception, emotion, attention and memory system
Output: feedback signals to the control systems that regulate connection b/w sensory inputs and behavioral outputs (Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex)
Error related negativity
ACC signals detected by EEG
ACC and Learning From Consequences
Evaluation of outcomes and generation of feeback signals
- Update behavioral goals
- Adopt new cognitive rules
Responses of ACC neurons are affected by
- Size of the reward
- Consequences of the actions(errors that reduce rewards
ACC tracks the values of outcomes when this information is used to guide future behavior
Monitors counterfactual or fictive outcomes (what would have happened?)
Higher activation in ACC then higher activation in DLPFC, why?
ACC detects need to change behaviour
DLPFC implements it
What does conflict of different action plans activate?
ACC
OCD
Increased activity in ACC - Overly sensitive to stimuli
Feeling that everything can lead to a mistake
What will damage to the ACC cause?
Impairments in learning from the consequences
Cingulotomy
Surgical ablation of the ACC to treat OCC
Reduces individual’s sensitivity to minor errors
ACC’s regulatory monitoring activity is hyperactive
Improves anxiety but person still has some compulsions/obsessions
Anterior Insula
INTEROCEPTION (stores representation of bodily states e.g hunger, itch, temp, fatigue)
Unconscious but affects decision making
Where is the insula
Buried within the lateral sulcus b/w the temporal and frontal lobes
where does the anterior insula receive input from?
Receives input from ACC(often coactivated), inferior temporal lobe PFC, OFC, amygdala and hippocampus
Receives visceral input from PNS
Iowa Gambling Task
Advantageous deck - frequent minimal losses, occasional big gains
Disadvantageous deck - frequent minimal gains occasional large losses
