Cognitive Learning

Question 1

Domain-specific knowledge

Answer 1

Knowledge useful in a particular situation

Question 2

General knowledge

Answer 2

Useful in many different kinds of tasks

Question 3

Information processing

Answer 3

The mind’s activity of taking in, storing, and using information

Question 4

Sensory memory

Answer 4

Sensory information. This memory is very brief

Question 5

Bottom-up processing

Answer 5

Noticing separate features and assembling them into a pattern

Question 6

Top-down processing

Answer 6

Using context and what we already know about the situation

Question 7

Automaticity

Answer 7

Performing a task that is so thoroughly learned it does not require much mental effort

Example: driving, walking

Question 8

Working memory

Answer 8

The task you are currently working on.

Contains both temporary storage and active processing

Question 9

Short-term memory

Answer 9

Memory system that holds information for 20 seconds.

Can hold 5 to 9 things at once.

Once rehearsed these things move to long-term memory.

Question 10

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 10

Part of working memory.

Holds visual and spatial information.

Question 11

Central executive

Answer 11

The part of working memory that is responsible for monitoring and directing attention and other mental resources

Question 12

Phonological loop

Answer 12

A speech and sound related system for holding and rehearsing words and sounds

Question 13

Cognitive load

Answer 13

How much mental processing it takes to complete a task

Question 14

Intrinsic cognitive load

Answer 14

The resources required by the task alone

Question 15

Extrinsic cognitive load

Answer 15

The recourses it takes to process outside stimuli

Question 16

Germane cognitive load

Answer 16

Deep processing of information related to a task as well as the application of prior knowledge to a newly risen problem within the task

Question 17

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 17

Keeping information in working memory by repeating it

Question 18

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 18

Keeping information in working memory by connecting it to prior knowledge

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

Grouping a large collection of data into more meaningful units

Question 20

Interference

Answer 20

Processing new information gets confused with old information

Question 21

Decay

Answer 21

The weakening and fading of memories with the passage of time

Question 22

Cognitive view of learning

Answer 22

The active mental process of acquiring, remembering and using knowledge

Question 23

Long term memory

Answer 23

Permanent store of knowledge

Question 24

Declarative knowledge

Answer 24

Facts

Question 25

Procedural knowledge

Answer 25

Demonstrated when performing a task Know how to do something

Question 26

Self-regularity knowledge

Answer 26

Knowing how to manage learning and when to use knowledge

Question 27

Explicit memory

Answer 27

Long-term memories that involve deliberate or conscious recall

Question 28

Implicit memory

Answer 28

Knowledge that we are not conscious of recalling

Question 29

Semantic memory

Answer 29

Meaning of a word Example: Plane, dog, cat

Question 30

Dual coding theory

Answer 30

Things are stored in long term memory as images or verbal units or both

Question 31

Schemas

Answer 31

Structures for organizing information

Question 32

Episodic memory

Answer 32

Information tied to a time and place

Question 33

Flashbulb memories

Answer 33

Vivid memories of emotionally important events

Question 34

Procedural memory

Answer 34

Memory for how to do things

Question 35

Priming

Answer 35

Activating a concept in memory

Question 36

Elaboration

Answer 36

Connecting to prior knowledge

Question 37

Organization

Answer 37

Ordered and logical network of relations

Question 38

Context

Answer 38

The physical and emotional backdrop associated with an event

Question 39

Spreading activation

Answer 39

Remembering one bit of information activates recall of associated information

Question 40

Mnemonics

Answer 40

Technique for remembering

Question 41

Loci method

Answer 41

Associating items with specific places

Question 42

Acronym

Answer 42

Using the first letter of each word to remember a concept or steps Example: PEMDAS

Question 43

Chain mnemonics

Answer 43

Associates one element of a series with the next Example: I before e except after c

Question 44

Keyword method

Answer 44

Associating new words with similar sounding words Example: The 4 c's

Question 45

Serial-position effect

Answer 45

The tendency to remember only the end and beginning of a series

Question 46

Domain-specific strategies

Answer 46

Applied skills to reach goals in a particular subject

Question 47

Algorithm problem solving

Answer 47

Step by step procedure

Question 48

Heuristic problem solving

Answer 48

For general more challenging life problems

Question 49

Means-ends analysis

Answer 49

Goal is divided into sub-goals

Question 50

Working backward strstegy

Answer 50

Start with the goal then move backwards

Question 51

Verbalization

Answer 51

Putting your problem solving plan into words

Question 52

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 52

Judging the likelihood of an event based on how well they match your prototype

Question 53

Availability heuristic

Answer 53

Judging the likelihood of an event based on what is available in your memory

Question 54

Confirmation bias

Answer 54

Seeking information that confirms your choices or beliefs

Question 55

Divergent thinking

Answer 55

Coming up with many possible solutions

Question 56

Convergent thinking

Answer 56

Narrowing possibilities to a single answer

Question 57

Restricting

Answer 57

Conceiving of a problem in a new way

Question 58

Insight

Answer 58

Sudden realization of a solution

Question 59

Transfer

Answer 59

Using previously learned information on new material