Cognitive Neuroscience methods

Question 1

main characteristics about a cognitive model

Answer 1

Specific and realistic
Parsimonious (simple)
falsifiable
linked to knowledge of the brain

Question 2

Important aspects for the study of behaviour

Answer 2

accuracy and reaction time involved in models

Question 3

electrodes that pick up signals from a neuron

Answer 3

single cell recordings

Question 4

behaviour can tell us

Answer 4

difficulty of the problem

influence of extraneous factors

Question 5

behaviour study requires

Answer 5

control over inputs and analysis of the outputs

Question 6

amount of time it takes for an input to generate a response

Answer 6

reaction time

Question 7

erros that reflect task-related and non-task related issues

Answer 7

accuracy

Question 8

A good cognitive model

Answer 8

can be reduced to parts of the brain

Question 9

consequences from spontaneous neural activity

Answer 9

we need a dramatic increase in order to link stimulation to function

Question 10

map parts of the eye to parts of the brain is called

Answer 10

retinatopic

Question 11

map of frequencies to the brain is called

Answer 11

tonotopic

Question 12

tracing from cell body to terminal is

Answer 12

anterograde

Question 13

tracing from terminal to cell body is

Answer 13

retrograde

Question 14

tracing allows to

Answer 14

know where electrons come from

Question 15

lesion to temporal lobes in animals cause

Answer 15

Kluver bucy syndrome

Question 16

difficulties reaching objects is caused by

Answer 16

lesions in parietal lobes

Question 17

method that allows to study brains lacking an area without surgery

Answer 17

genetic manipulation

Question 18

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT) relies on which principle?

Answer 18

different tissues absorb radiation at different rates

Question 19

Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) relies on

Answer 19

magnetic properties of tissues on the brain. waves that get back are called resonance

Question 20

unit for brain volume

Answer 20

voxels: volumetric pixels

Question 21

Advantages of sMRI for lesion tracing

Answer 21

boundary, size and extent of injury

Question 22

process of stretching the brain to fit the general template

Answer 22

spatial normalization

Question 23

reason why we need normalization

Answer 23

brains have different sizes

Question 24

Difussion tensor imaging (DTI) principle

Answer 24

water moves more readily along the white matter tract

Question 25

Elentroencephalography (EEG) method

Answer 25

uses a cap of electrodes that pick up electrical signals from brain

Question 26

event-related potentials (ERP) are computed by

Answer 26

averaging several trials

Question 27

average of ERP is needed because

Answer 27

it reduces noise and characterizes the real peaks associated to mental processes

Question 28

funtional method that uses radioactive isotopes and measures the emission of gamma rays

Answer 28

Positron Emission Tomography Imaging (PET)

Question 29

PET is used for which diseases

Answer 29

cancer, schizofrenia and alzheimer

Question 30

Funtional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) principle

Answer 30

magnetic properties of oxygen allows to track blood oxygenated level dependent (BOLD) signals

Question 31

Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) is

Answer 31

slice the brain and repeat readings

Question 32

type of imaging that answers questions about brain dynamics

Answer 32

functional imaging

Question 33

dark areas on CT are

Answer 33

ventricles

Question 34

advantages of fMRI over CT

Answer 34

better resolution and safer

Question 35

limitations of MRI

Answer 35

cannot be used if people have ferrous metals in their body

Question 36

mehtods that looks at patients with common areas of impairment and see areas of injury

Answer 36

Lesion overlap technique

Question 37

template used to compare brains was crated by

Answer 37

Montreal National Institute

Question 38

the ratio of water moving in one direction against other directions

Answer 38

fractional anisotropy

Question 39

DTI is used in

Answer 39

injuries, trauma, mutiple sclerosis and other cases where white matter is damaged

Question 40

limitation of DTI

Answer 40

only looks at white matter | subjects have to be stable

Question 41

method with greatest temporal resolution

Answer 41

EEG

Question 42

limitations of EEg

Answer 42

bad spatial resolution

Question 43

advantages of PET

Answer 43

good spatial resolution, it can isolate parts of the frontal lobe

Question 44

principle that predicts in the changes of blood flow in the brain

Answer 44

hemodynamic response

Question 45

principle that says the more neural activity requires more oxygenated blood

Answer 45

neurovascular coupling

Question 46

limitation of fMRI

Answer 46

very bad temporal resolution (about 6 seconds) | not every region has the same hemodynamic response

Question 47

method with worst temporal resolution

Answer 47

PET

Question 48

define subtraction method

Answer 48

take sample of the experimental condition, then the control condition and look at differences in activation

Question 49

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) principle

Answer 49

magnetic pulse introduces a electrical current that changes neural activity

Question 50

limitations of TMS

Answer 50

very much detail needed to stimulate right area

Question 51

relation between stimulation and activation is

Answer 51

proportional in time and activity (higher frequency excites while ow frequency disrupts)

Question 52

Optical imaging principle

Answer 52

shine laser to the brain and pick up how light scatters or is absorbed

Question 53

method that shows neurotransmitters levels

Answer 53

optical imaging