Cognitive Processes

Question 1

What are the differences and similarities between automatic and controlled processes?

Answer 1

Automatic processes are fast, involuntary, and require little attention (e.g., reading familiar words).

Controlled processes are slow, intentional, and demand focus (e.g., learning to drive).

Both involve mental activity, but differ in effort and awareness.

Question 2

What is Paivio’s dual-coding theory and why is it important?

Answer 2

We store info in two systems: verbal (words) and nonverbal (images).
Using both (e.g., pictures + text) improves memory and learning by reinforcing the information through multiple paths.

Question 3

What is a “problem space” and how does it relate to problem-solving?

Answer 3

The problem space includes all possible steps, choices, and outcomes from the start to the solution of a problem.
Understanding it helps map out and plan problem-solving strategies.

Question 4

What are some techniques to improve problem-solving skills?

Answer 4

Deductive reasoning: General → specific. If premises are true, conclusion must be true.

Inductive reasoning: Specific → general. Makes probable guesses, but conclusions aren’t guaranteed.

Question 5

What are common heuristics and biases in judgment and decision-making?

Answer 5

Availability heuristic: Decisions based on what comes to mind easily.

Representativeness heuristic: Judging based on stereotypes.

Confirmation bias: Focusing on info that supports your beliefs.
These shortcuts can lead to systematic errors.