Cognitive Processes

Question 1

divided attention

Answer 1

study by Becklen with how many people in white shirts passed a ball

Question 2

what attention is thought of

Answer 2

used to be as a spotlight, now thought of as only being attended to objects

Question 3

attentional limits

Answer 3

you need to pay attention for info to be processed in your mind

Question 4

in-attentional blindness

Answer 4

when you are not paying attention to something at all e.g. card trick

Question 5

limited “attentional resources”

Answer 5

we can either focus on one thing and not process anything else, or spread our attentional resources across many things and perform each less well

Question 6

early locus of attention

Answer 6

info is selected or rejected based on its physical characteristics. unattended stimuli will be processed crudely

Question 7

late locus of attention

Answer 7

info is selected/rejected on the basis of more complex characteristics like its meaning. unattended stimuli do not have their meaning processed e.g. cocktail phenomenon

Question 8

cocktail party phenomenon

Answer 8

we notice our name in a conversation we are not attending to

Question 9

the lcoation of the attention filter depends on

Answer 9

cognitive load

Question 10

involuntary, exogenous, stimulus-driven control of attention

Answer 10

when an object/feature “pops out” or captures attention

Question 11

voluntary, endogenous, goal-directed control of attention

Answer 11

when we try to find an object or feature

Question 12

change blindness

Answer 12

when we make a saccade or “jumping eye movement” the input washes out motion sensors

Question 13

iconic and echoic (sensory) memory

Answer 13

literal copies of visual and auditory events, limited capacity

Question 14

short-term memory

Answer 14

limited capacity, decays within 20 seconds if not rehearsed, phonological type of coding

Question 15

chunking

Answer 15

can be used by turning the amount of things to be remembered into a smaller number of units, saving space in memory

Question 16

serial position effects in short term recall

Answer 16

primacy - transferred to LTM and recency - info dumped from short term buffer

Question 17

working memory consists of

Answer 17

central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketch pad, and episodic buffer

Question 18

phonological loop

Answer 18

influences memory tasks. memory span depends on how long it takes to repeat info

Question 19

central executive

Answer 19

manipulation of info, elaborative processing, reasoning, planning

Question 20

long term memory

Answer 20

unlimited capacity, forgetting due to interference rather than decay, semantic type of encoding

Question 21

explicit memory: episodic memory

Answer 21

your memory of your life history, important occasions

Question 22

explicit memory: semantic memory

Answer 22

knowledge of the meanings of words, facts, a sense of knowing rather than remembering

Question 23

nodes

Answer 23

e.g. canary, bird, animal

Question 24

properties

Answer 24

e.g. yellow, wings, breathes

Question 25

cognitive economoy

Answer 25

each property is stored only once

Question 26

hierarchical networks

Answer 26

properties stored at the highest level, with interconnected nodes

Question 27

spreading activation

Answer 27

presenting a concept leads to activation of the appropriate node and to the spread of activation to related nodes

Question 28

schema

Answer 28

generalised mental representations or concepts describing objects, people, scenes

Question 29

importance of schema

Answer 29

make memory encoding more efficient

Question 30

negative thing about schema

Answer 30

force all kinds of info into existing schemas therefore distorting experience and perceptions

Question 31

the bechdel test

Answer 31

a movie has to have two women in it who talk about something other than a man

Question 32

stereotypes aka person schemas

Answer 32

used for ease of understanding

Question 33

scripts: event schemas

Answer 33

generalised mental representations of events in time

Question 34

priming

Answer 34

display or mention of one concept leads to spreading activation of related concepts

Question 35

procedural memory - explicit

Answer 35

semantic, episodic

Question 36

procedural memory - implicit

Answer 36

memory for how to do things, operates automaticall

Question 37

deep level of processing

Answer 37

abstract or concrete task

Question 38

explicit memory task

Answer 38

you know your memory is being tested

Question 39

implicit memory task

Answer 39

not told to try and remember, just to perform a task

Question 40

false memory

Answer 40

misleading "post-event" info integrated with original memory and permanently overwrites it

Question 41

what causes false memory

Answer 41

distortions of fitting memories into schemas and scripts

Question 42

flashbulb memories

Answer 42

usually traumatic events that shock the world where everyone shares emotion about the memory

Question 43

confabulation

Answer 43

you have no intention to deceive, but you are aware you have provided incorrect info

Question 44

recovered memories

Answer 44

under hypnosis or strong therapist suggestions

Question 45

infantile amnesia

Answer 45

almost no memories from birth to three years old

Question 46

why infantile amnesia

Answer 46

freud trauma theory, underdeveloped emotional encoding, neurological causes

Question 47

reminiscence bump

Answer 47

surprisingly large number of memories between 10-30 especially 15-25

Question 48

why reminiscence bump

Answer 48

time in your life your brain is growing a lot and where you gain some independence

Question 49

self-schema

Answer 49

strengths and weaknesses

Question 50

attitudes to study

Answer 50

self-schema, motivation to remember

Question 51

memory and ageing

Answer 51

myelination reduces with age and affects processing speed

Question 52

american schema of old people

Answer 52

slow, forgetful, frail. influences performance on memory tasks

Question 53

recognition

Answer 53

retrieval cue is given

Question 54

recall

Answer 54

harder, have to find the retrieval cues

Question 55

free recall task

Answer 55

report items from earlier study episode

Question 56

recognition task

Answer 56

select previously studied items from mixture of old and new items

Question 57

recognition task provides

Answer 57

a cue which can prime the memory network, however the cues can prime the wrong info

Question 58

retrieval is best when

Answer 58

encoding and retrieval match - mood, nature of task, smells, time