Neuroscience

Question 1

two major divisions of the NS

Answer 1

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

Question 2

peripheral nervous system includes

Answer 2

sensory nerves, motor nerves, autonomic nervous system, enteric nervous sytem

Question 3

sensory nerves

Answer 3

input to CNS from sensory organs

Question 4

motor nerves

Answer 4

output from CNS to muscles

Question 5

autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

controls many non-voluntary bodily functions (digestion, heart rate, sweating) has 2 branches - sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 6

enteric nervous system

Answer 6

controls digestive activity and senses physcial and chemical conditions of the gut

Question 7

brain and spinal cord are protected by

Answer 7

bone, meninges, blood brain barrier

Question 8

meninges

Answer 8

flexible sheet made from 3 membranes between bone and nervous tissue - dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

Question 9

blood brain barrier

Answer 9

blood vessels supplying blood to CNS have special walls, restricting entry of many chemicals into CNS

Question 10

the spinal cord

Answer 10

cable of neural fibres with “roots” branching off. interface between brain and peripheral nervous system

Question 11

the brain

Answer 11

large clump of 100 billion neurons. 2 hemispheres, midline through the centre

Question 12

the ventricles

Answer 12

cavities inside the brain filled with cerebro-spinal fluid, sewerage system of the CNS

Question 13

major subdivision of the brain

Answer 13

brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus and hypothalamus, limbic system, basal ganglia, neocortex, corpus callosum

Question 14

brainstem

Answer 14

at base of brain. controls life-supporting functions

Question 15

cerebellum

Answer 15

on top of brainstem.. control of precision movements

Question 16

thalamus

Answer 16

on top of brainstem, right on midline of brain. relays sensory info, except for smell

Question 17

hypothalamus

Answer 17

on top of brainstem on midline. involved in control of hormones and motivational control. controls feeding and sexual behaviour

Question 18

limbic system

Answer 18

wraps around thalamus. involved in control of memory and emotion

Question 19

what parts are involved in the limbic system

Answer 19

cingulate cortex, fornix, hippocampus, amygdala, mammillary bodies, olfactory bulb

Question 20

basal ganglia

Answer 20

wraps around thalamus. involved in action, thought, movement. affected by parkinsons disease

Question 21

what parts are included in basal ganglia

Answer 21

right and left caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

Question 22

neocortex

Answer 22

the wrinkly structure all over brain, made of tissue. has four lobes

Question 23

four lobes of the neocortex

Answer 23

frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, occipital lobes

Question 24

corpus callosum

Answer 24

collection of “cables” connecting our 2 brain hemispheres

Question 25

neurons are made up of

Answer 25

dendrites, soma, axon

Question 26

what signals do neurons convey to each other

Answer 26

binary ("on/off") signlas

Question 27

the action potential

Answer 27

at specific moments, the neuron can open channels that let sodium ions enter and exit. neuron is bipolarised in these brief moments

Question 28

myelin

Answer 28

fatty substance on neurons produced by another type of cell in the NS. prevents depolaraisation

Question 29

how do neurons interact

Answer 29

neurons form small junctions called "synapses," communicate across these

Question 30

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 30

uses brief magnetic pulse next to skull to induce a small electrical current which depolarises neurons and can provoke action potentials

Question 31

electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 31

electrode plates against skull can record electrial fields generated by combined/electrical activity of many neurons

Question 32

positron emission tomography (PET)

Answer 32

measures activity in brain by measuring changes in blood flow

Question 33

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Answer 33

bombarding head with high frequency radio waves, while measuring orientation of protons

Question 34

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 34

measures changes in oxygen in blood

Question 35

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Answer 35

measures magnetic fields emitted from brain - created by electrical activity in neurons

Question 36

what keeps us awake

Answer 36

noradrenaline neurons, serotonin neurons, acetylcholine

Question 37

decerebration

Answer 37

disconnecting the forebrain frm brainstem. causes profound and almost continuous sleep

Question 38

preoptic area

Answer 38

destruction to this can cause insomnia, stimulation can induce sleep

Question 39

slow-wave sleep

Answer 39

role of reciprocal connections between thalamus and cortex in orchestrating synchronised neuronal activity

Question 40

REM sleep

Answer 40

when the brain waves become desynchronised

Question 41

hunger and satiety determined by

Answer 41

contents of stomach and substances circulating blood

Question 42

the lateral hypothalamus

Answer 42

regulates feeding by controlling release of insulin, regulating attention, influencing taste

Question 43

the ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 43

destruction of this in rats causes them to become overeaters

Question 44

the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

Answer 44

satiety is due to a hormone released in this area

Question 45

right hemisphere of brain

Answer 45

receives sensory input from left, controls motor response on left side of the body

Question 46

left hemisphere of the brain

Answer 46

receives sensory input from right side, controls motor response on right side of body

Question 47

hemispheric dominance

Answer 47

one side is dominant for each person

Question 48

speech areas of the brain

Answer 48

broca's area, wenicke's area

Question 49

broac's area

Answer 49

lower posterior region of left frontal lobe. damage causes difficulties speaking

Question 50

wernicke's area

Answer 50

posterior of left temporal lobe. damage causes problems with comprehension and speech

Question 51

case of henry molaison

Answer 51

surgeon removed hippocampus on both sides for treatment of epilepsy - worked for epilepsy but resulted in dense amnesia

Question 52

wernicke-korsakoff's syndrome

Answer 52

severe vitamin B1 defficiency in chronic alcoholics triggers this - amnesia

Question 53

alzheimer's disease

Answer 53

widespread neuro-degeneration in brain, brain shrinks, abnormal neural tissue present