Cognitive PSY

Question 1

Pacinian Corpuscles
(skin receptor)

Answer 1

pressure, vibrations
fast adapting
open Na+ channels

Question 2

Meissner’s corpuscle
(skin receptor)

Answer 2

light touch, movement
fast adapting

Question 3

Merkel’s disk
(skin receptor)

Answer 3

shape, form, positioning of object

Question 4

Ruffini Endings
(skin receptor)

Answer 4

stretch

Question 5

Free nerve endings
(skin receptor)

Answer 5

pain, heat and cold (temp)

Question 6

Thalamus

Answer 6

almost all sensory information goes through the thalamus

Question 7

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal (longest axon in the body)

touch-sensitive AB axons

Answer 7

1.) touch receptors detect stimulation of the skin and send action potentials along axons that enter the dorsal spinal cord

2.) after entering the spinal cord dorsal horn, the axon joins the dorsal column of white matter and ascends to the brain

3.) in the medulla, the axon from the periphery makes its first synapse, innervating a medullary neuron that sends its axon across the midline, to terminate in the thalamus

4.) at this point, the left thalamus will be receiving information about the right side of the body. The thalamus will in turn send this information to the somatosensory cortex on the same side.

Question 8

Nociceptors

Answer 8

are the peripheral receptors on free nerve endings that respond to painful stimuli

Question 9

Meninges (DAP)

Answer 9

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

protect and nourish

Question 10

Gyri and Sulci

Answer 10

purpose is to increase surface area

the cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres

2 types of areas on the surface
Gyrus: ridge/hill
sulcus: fold/valley

gray: cell bodies
white: axons

Question 11

types of neuroimaging
structural

Answer 11

organ anatomy

Question 12

types of neuroimaging
functional

Answer 12

organ function

Question 13

CT scan
(computed tomography)

Answer 13

structural
x-ray beams are used to generate data that generates a digitally reconstructed image

Question 14

MRI
(magnetic resonance imaging)

Answer 14

structural
gives higher resolution images
1. strong magnets cause protons in brain tissue to line up in parallel
2. a pulse of radio waves knocks protons over
3. protons reconfigure themselves, emitting radio waves that differ by tissue density

Question 15

CT scan
time to scan?
powered?
best application?
comfort level?
considerations?
cost?

Answer 15

5 min
low dose radiation
bones, organs
donut shape machine
limited # per year
cheaper

Question 16

MRI
time to scan
powered
best application
comfort level
considerations
cost

Answer 16

30min
magnetics with radio waves
muscles, ligaments, tissues
large tube (claustrophobic)
no metal allowed
expensive

Question 17

fMRI
functional

Answer 17

blood flow
detects small changes in brain metabolism such as oxygen use, in active brain areas

fMRI can show how networks of brain structures collaborate

Question 18

PET
(positional emission tomography)
functional

Answer 18

gives images of brain activity

uses radioactive chemicals injected into the bloodstream and maps their destination by the radioactive emissions

identifies which brain regions contribute to specific functions

Question 19

non invasive

Answer 19

imaging refers to techniques that provide internal images without physically entering the body

MRI is least invasive

Question 20

invasive

Answer 20

imaging involves procedures that penetrate the body, often through catheters or surgical incisions