Cognitive: Reasoning terms

Question 1

Define reasoning

Answer 1

The cognitive process of deriving new information from old information

Question 2

What is meant by deductive reasoning?

Answer 2

Drawing logically necessary conclusions from given information

Question 3

What is meant by inductive reasoning?

Answer 3

The process of inferring probable conclusions from given information

Question 4

What are premises?

Answer 4

Statements assumed to be true from which conclusions are drawn

Question 5

What is meant by the term valid?

Answer 5

Valid arguments are those in which the conclusions must be true if the premises hold true

Question 6

Name and describe the two types of deductive reasoning

Answer 6

Prepositional reasoning is reasoning about statements connections such as ‘and’ ‘or’ ‘not’ ‘if.’ Syllogistic reasoning is reasoning about groups/sets using statements connected by logical relations of ‘some’, ‘none’, ‘all’ and ‘some not.’

Question 7

What are inference rules?

Answer 7

Rules for reaching a conclusion given a particular pattern of propositions

Question 8

What does modus tollens state

Answer 8

Given ‘if p then q’ and ‘not q’ then we can infer ‘not p’

Question 9

What does modus ponens state?

Answer 9

Given ‘if p then q’ and given p is true, it follows q is true

Question 10

What is meant by double negation?

Answer 10

If not not p then p

Question 11

Name and describe the two main mistakes when arguing from conditionals

Answer 11

Affirming the consequent; ‘if p then q’ and ‘q is true’ then ‘p’ is true.
Denying the antecedent; ‘If p then q’ and ‘not p’ then ‘not q’

Question 12

what is disjunctive syllogism?

Answer 12

premises: ‘p or q’ ‘not p’
Conclusion: ‘Therefore q’

Question 13

What is the mental models approach?

Answer 13

The view that people use logical reasoning problems by forming mental representations of possible states of the world and draw inferences from those representations.

Question 14

What is categorical syllogism

Answer 14

What conclusion, if any, follows from assumptions about category membership

Question 15

What is meant by the atmosphere effect?

Answer 15

The tendency to draw conclusions in syllogisms that are over influenced by the form of the premises rather than the logic of the argument.

Question 16

What are the four figures of syllogism?

Answer 16

The four possible layouts of terms which give four syllogistic figures: A-B, B-C; B-A, B-C; A-B, C-B; B-A, C-B

Question 17

What bias do the four figures of syllogism reflect

Answer 17

Figural bias

Question 18

What is meant by belief bias?

Answer 18

The tendency to accept invalid but believable conclusions and reject valid but unbelievable conclusions to arguments.

Question 19

What is meant by hypothesis testing?

Answer 19

Is assessing hypotheses for trut/falsities in the data

Question 20

What is hypothesis generation?

Answer 20

Deriving possible hypotheses from data

Question 21

What is meant by hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

Answer 21

A form of inductive reasoning in which a hypothesis is tested by deducing necessary consequences of the hypothesis and determining whether the consequences are true or false.

Question 22

What is meant by the matching bias in the 4 card task?

Answer 22

Choosing the cards mentioned in the rule

Question 23

What does the social contract theory propose?

Answer 23

That rules expressing payment of costs of privileges will be easily solved in 4 card tasks as the correct choices would uncover cheating.

Question 24

What are deontic rules?

Answer 24

Rules regarding obligations and typically involve terms such as ‘should’ ‘must’ ‘ought’ ‘may’ and so on.