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pyschology- approaches > cognitive theory > Flashcards

cognitive theory Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cognitive approach concerned with?

A

internal mental explanations of behaviour

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2
Q

how is this approach different to the behaviourist?

A

behaviorist has emphasis on passive responses to external events
cognitive views humans as actively thinking about events and considering their meaning.

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3
Q

what are the main assumptions

A
  1. Mental processes can be studied in an objective & scientific way.
  2. Cognitive or mental process mediate between stimulus & response.
  3. People are seen as information processors. (computer analogy).
  4. Theoretical models can be used to explain cognitive processes. These structured theories are usually represented as flow charts.
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4
Q

what do cognitive psychologists use

A

theoretical and computer models to help them understand internal mental processes.

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5
Q

difference between theoretical and computer model

A

theoretical is abstract
computer is concrete

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6
Q

whats an example of the theoretical model

A

information processing approach

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7
Q

what does the information processing approach suggest

A

that information flows through the cognitive system in a series of sequences

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8
Q

what are these stages

A

input
storage
retrieval

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9
Q

what model is this similar to

A

multi-store model

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10
Q

describe the computer processing model analogy

A

computer and brain receive information, store it in a particular way, and retrieve it. human thinking is assumed to involve processing info in the same way a computer processes data put into it

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11
Q

what has the computer model been useful in helping developing

A

thinking machines or artificial intelligence.

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12
Q

examples of cognition

A

Language
Attention
Memory
Perception
Schema

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13
Q

what is schema

A

a package of beliefs and expectations of a topic that come from prior experience.

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14
Q

what does schema act as

A

a mental framework for the interpretation of incoming information received by the cognitive system

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15
Q

what does schema do

A

affect behaviour

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16
Q

how is SLT similar

A

it argues that what people are exposed to could influence their behaviour

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17
Q

strengths of schema

A
  • can make you avoid something negative and help you learn what you enjoy (similar to negative reinforcement)
  • schema enables us to process lots of information quickly- mental shortcut so we get less overwhelmed by environmental stimuli
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18
Q

limitations of schema

A
  • can build up stereotypes and limit how people behave.
  • leads to faulty conclusions and unhelpful behaviour
  • schema may distort our interpretations of sensory information leading to perceptual errors.
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19
Q

example of schema

A

babies are born with a simple motor schema for innate behaviours such as grasping and sucking.

20
Q

what happens to our schema as we grow up

A

it becomes more sophisticated

21
Q

define inferences

A

the process of drawing conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed evidence.

22
Q

strengths of the approach

A

has lots of real life application- AI, robots
uses scientific cognitive neuroscience

23
Q

limitations of approach

A

machine reductionist- ignores emotions,motivation
determinist
inferences

24
Q

how is it similar to behaviourist approach

A

both nomothetic

25
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience

A

it investigates how cognition is produced by the interaction of neural mechanisms, chemistry, and brain structure.

26
Q

where is this origins of CN

A

mid-19th century with the discovery of what Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area does

27
Q

where is Broca’s area and what is it responsible for

A

part of left frontal lobe
responsible for speech production

28
Q

where is Wernicke’s area and what is it responsible for

A

left temporal lobe
speech comprehension

29
Q

what has new technology helped scientists do

A

explain the neurological basis of mental processes.

30
Q

examples of new technology

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

31
Q

what is fMRI

A

a brain scanning technique that measures blood flow in the brain when a person performs a task

32
Q

how does fMRI work

A

on the premise that neurons in the brain that are the most active during a task use the most energy.

33
Q

what is a PET scan

A

an imaging test of the brain.

34
Q

what does a PET scan use

A

a radioactive substance called a tracer to look for a disease or injury in the brain

35
Q

what does a PET scan show

A

how the brain and its tissues are working

36
Q

what has led to mind mapping techniques

A

recently CN has expanded to include the use of computer-generated models (designed to read the brain)

37
Q

who in 1994 looked at different types of long term memory

A

Tulving et al.

38
Q

what did tulving show

A

different types of long-term memory may be located on opposite sides of the prefrontal cortex

39
Q

where is the hippocampus located

A

brains temporal lobe

40
Q

what is formed in the brains hippocampus

A

episodic memories are formed and indexed there for later access.

41
Q

what are episodic memories

A

autobiographical memories from specific events in our lives

42
Q

what do many researchers and clinicians believe

A

that semantic memory is stored by the same brain systems involved in episodic memory (medial temporal lobes), including the hippocampal formation

43
Q

what did Braver et al state in 1997

A

the central executive was also located near the prefrontal cortex.

44
Q

what else does CN use scanning techniques for

A

when trying to understand mental disorders

45
Q

give an example

A

the link between how abnormal functioning of the left parahippocampal gyrus leads to more unpleasant emotions, a feature of OCD

46
Q

strengths of CN

A
  • has real world application in medicine, health and education
  • uses objective, scientific methods such as MRI scans which increases reliability
47
Q

limitations of CN

A
  • technology arent 100% reliable due to user-error in calibration, temperature and noise interference
  • machine reductionism - humans are complex cant be similar to an inanimate object.

pyschology- approaches (3 decks)

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