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sem 2 > cognitive W1-W6 > Flashcards

cognitive W1-W6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive psychology

A

the scientific investigation of human mental processes or the way that humans interpret their environment, process info, and form responses

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2
Q

Major sub areas in cog psyc

A
  • perception
  • attention
  • memory
  • language
  • reasoning
  • problem solving
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3
Q

plato

A

nativism; we’re born with it

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4
Q

aristotle

A

empiricism; we learn it

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5
Q

empiricism

A

knowledge stems from experience

can be studied with experimentation and observation

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6
Q

first cog experiment

A

Donders and reaction time

first to demonstrate that mental processes are not instantaneous

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7
Q

William Wundt (introspection)

A

structuralist- wanted to explain conscious processes and experience
- periodic table of consciousness (organize thoughts/thinking into basic elements; was an organizer)

founded the first lab of scientific psychology

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8
Q

William James (introspection)

A

functionalist- wanted to know how the mind functions and adapts to new circumstances (was a thinker)

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9
Q

introspection, its significance, and the problem

A

a method that different approaches use

the assumption that psyc was something that could be productively studied

cannot test a theory with subjective observations (some things are not available to consciousness)

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10
Q

behaviourism and its significance

A

reaction to introspection

believed that all behaviour could be broken down into simple lawful relationships between stimulus and response

everyone started off with a blank slate (tabula rasa) and could be trained to do anything

unconcerned with thought, mind, consciousness; focused on observable quantifiable behaviour

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11
Q

behaviourism famous players

A

Watson- proposed that only behaviour is objectively observable

Skinner- saw it as a philosophy of the science of psyc

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12
Q

downfall of behaviourism (3)

A

conditioning doesn’t explain all

language

real-world problems

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13
Q

computer metaphor

A

infer mental representations and processes

representations: stored info
process: a “program” that takes info as input and transforms it as output

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14
Q

hypothesis

A

testable explanation of a phenomenon

critical that it is specific enough that it can be shown to be wrong

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15
Q

*order of frontal lobes from anterior to posterior

A
  1. frontal
  2. temporal
  3. parietal
  4. occipital
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16
Q

neuron intensity by __ not __

A

intensity by rate not size
- low intensities: slow firing
- high intensities: fast firing

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17
Q

synapse allows..

A

allows for a more dynamic relationship

allows firing to either amplify stimulus or decrease it depending on neurotransmitters

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18
Q

*squeeze train demo showed

A

brain plasticity

processing signal faster -> processing motor faster
- synaptic fluency

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19
Q

frontal lobe

A

reasoning, planning, emotion

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20
Q

parietal lobe

A

perceptions of touch, pressure, temp, pain

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21
Q

temporal

A

hearing and memory

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22
Q

occipital

A

vision

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23
Q

2 key principles of cortical functioning

A
  1. contralateral
  2. hemispheric specialization
    - hemispheres structurally but not functionally symmetric
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24
Q

methods for localizing brain function

A
  • lesions (trauma, stroke)
  • electrical recording (ERP)
  • imaging (fMRI, PET, TMS)
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25
Q

lesion studies and limitations

A

observe behavioural ability given neurological deficit
- when they die, try to correlate behaviour to brain

limitations
- correlation
- 3rd variable
- pre and post

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26
Q

electrical recording: single cell and limitations

A

animal studies, record activity of a single cell while animal performs task

limitations:
- animals brains aren’t human brains
- wont tell you everything; narrow

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27
Q

electrical recording: event related potentials (ERP) and limitations

A

electrical activity recorded with sensors on scalp

limitations:
- good temporal, bad spatial

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28
Q

functional imaging: PET

A

injected with radioactive oxygen that is concerned in areas that consume more blood from activity

limitations:
- good spatial, bad temporal

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29
Q

functional imaging: fMRI

A

indirect measure of neural events
measurement of cerebral blood flow, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood have different magnetic properties

limitations:
- good spatial
- bad temoral (worse than PET)

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30
Q

*transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

apply a vert strong and direct magnetic field to a region of the cortex (resolution 1-1.5cm2)

magnetic pulse to scalp so all axons fire at once, the pulse causes a temporary lesion of the brain because all axons are resetting in that section

only affects about an inch

dont know long term effects

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31
Q

Ebbinghaus’s memory experiment

A

what is the time course of forgetting

used a measure called savings

savings=original time to learn the list - time to relearn after the delay

smaller savings means more forgetting

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32
Q

Tolman

A

called himself a behaviourist because he was focusing on measuring behaviour but in reality he was one of the early cog psychologists bc he used behaviour to infer mental processes

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33
Q

Kuhn defined a scientific revolution as a…

A

shift from one paradigm to another

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34
Q

nerve net

A

network believed to be continuous but is not (cajel found this)

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35
Q

basic parts of a neuron

A

cell body
dendrites
axons

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36
Q

action potential lasts about

A

1 ms

travel all the way down the axon without changing height or shape; good for distances

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37
Q

principle of neural representation

A

states that everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s NS

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38
Q

experience dependent plasticity

A

the structure of the brain is changed by experience

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39
Q

neurons in the visual cortex respond to

A

simple stimuli like oriented bars

40
Q

neurons in the temporal lobe respond to

A

complex geometrical stimuli

41
Q

neurons in another area of the temporal lobe respond to

A

faces

42
Q

hierarchical processing

A

progression from lower to higher areas of the brain

43
Q

cerebral cortex

A

layer of tissue about 3mm thick that covers the brain

the wrinkled covering you see when looking at a brain

many cog functions served by this

44
Q

cortical equipotentiality

A

idea that the brain operated as an individible whole as opposed to specialized areas

45
Q

Broca’s and Wernicke’s observations showed that

A

different aspects of language production and comprehension were served in diff areas in the brain

46
Q

ST memories last

A

10-15 seconds

47
Q

what is perception

A

involves taking the info that is sensed by the sense organs and interpreting it

48
Q

cornea

A

the clear covering to the eye

49
Q

iris

A

ring of muscles that controls how much light gets in

50
Q

lens

A

with the cornea focuses light onto the back of the eye

51
Q

retina

A

the photosensitive membrane at the back of the eye where transduction takes place

52
Q

fovea

A

the point of highest visual acuity

53
Q

optic nerve

A

nerve that takes visual info to the brain

54
Q

blind spot

A

the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye

55
Q

how does light energy get to the brain

A

transduction

56
Q

transduction

A

the changing of a physical stimulus into neural energy

takes place in 2 cells in the retina
- rods- light sensitive, poor acuity (peripheral)
- cones- poor light sensitivity, high acuity, colours (in fovea)

57
Q

visual field is

A

contralateral, not the eyeball itself

58
Q

*blindsight

A

patients with damage to occipital cortex are blind (no reaction to light)

vision is not entirely seeing
- two seperate pathways
– one is more sophisticated, eye to thalamus to visual cortex
– one goes to brain stem to higher centers of brain which allows you to guess movement even though you cannot see it (lizard brain)

59
Q

distal stimulus

A

the stimulus out in the world

ex. 3D object in world

60
Q

proximal stimulus

A

the stimulus on the sense organ

ex. 2D representation on the retina

61
Q

solution to problem of visual perception

A

brain uses info from both eyes (binocular cues) and properties from the proximal stimulus (monocular cues) to make inferences about the relative depth of the distal stimulus

62
Q

binocular cues (2 main types)

A

convergence: eyes converge and lens accommodates when objects are close

binocular disparity: the slightly different views of the world projected onto each eye

63
Q

monocular cues

A

perspective
motion parallax
interposition
relative size
textural gradient
aerial perspective
shading
light and shadow

64
Q

Gestalt principles; laws of perceptual organization

A

law of proximity
law of similarity
law of good continuation
law of closure
law of common fate
law of Pragnanz

65
Q

*bottom up theories of object perception

A

template theory
- objects are represented by templates, current image is compared to these (cheque reading machines)
- problems that object has to be same size and position as template and do not allow same image to have diff interpretations; doesn’t account for variability in the world

feature theory
- analyzed stimuli as a combination of elemental features , combining features can get a representation for whats out there (ex. diff parts of a letter), has lots of evidence
- disadvantages that its hard to know how to define a feature, doesn’t account for relative position of feature

prototype theory
- works at higher level
- takes all representations for item and makes an average, perceive object by comparing it to stored prototypes, the “ideal” for a category
- allows room for differences
- more flexible than features but also vaguer
- still have question of how many prototypes

66
Q

bottom up processing is __ driven

A

data driven

67
Q

top-down processing is __ driven

A

conceptually driven

68
Q

top down theories of perception

A

context effects

69
Q

how do we recognize objects

A

object-centered theories
- modified feature theory
- feature position relative to other features
- can break down all objects into 3D shapes and then come up with interpretations
- Biederman’s recognition by components (geons)

viewer-centered theories
- modified template theory
- store mult representations of objects
- perform transformations of stimuli to match stored representations
- multiple view theory (Tarr)?

70
Q

Bayesian theories of object recognition

A
71
Q

what is selective attention

A

focusing on one thing while ignoring other stimuli

massive amounts of info in the world but only so much time and space to process it

72
Q

cocktail party effect

A

we can attend to only one convo among many but will notice critical information

not intentional and that speaks to how the whole system of attention works

dichotic listening experiments examine this phenomena

73
Q

early filter models of attention

A

filter follows detection but before recognition (meaning)

cocktail party showed this didn’t work though, you shouldn’t be able to hear your name if this model worked

74
Q

late filter model of attention

A

detection, recognition, then filter

too heavy

75
Q

Treisman’s attenuation theory

A

takes both ideas and smashes together

messages, attentuator (stuff that matters gets a boost other stuff’s signal is dampened), dictionary unit, to memory

leaky filter bc unattended message is let through at a much weaker strength

76
Q

stroop effect demonstrates

A

you have little control over attention

77
Q

disadvantages of automacitity

A

hard to override

78
Q

attentional capacity depends on

A

alertness (awake, optimal level of arousal)

automatic vs. effortful tasks

79
Q

a task is automatic if it

A

occurs without intention
does not give rise to conscious awareness
does not interfere with other mental activities

80
Q

controlled attention

A

attention is mental effort and is limited

finite but cannot do it infinitely

81
Q

inattentional blindness

A

when controlled or conscious attention takes away from noticing other things happening in your environment

outside of your deliberate control

application: magic, ppl use cues to direct attention to certain places and do the trick

82
Q

divided attention

A

we’re not strictly limited to one thing at a time, if 2 things are automatized you can do them at same time

whether the tasks interfere with eachother depends on the cog load

83
Q

dual task study

A

shadow message
- some hear same message in both ears
- some hear diff messages in same ears
- follow one
this is the primary task

then respond quickly to flashes of light
- secondary task

84
Q

__ takes up the most resources in the car experiment

A

planning

85
Q

psychological refractory period

A

period of time where a new process cannot be initiated due to the continued processing of choosing a response to another stimulus

cannot make a selection until the other selection

86
Q

damage to the right parietal lobe causes

A

attentional neglect, fail to attend to one side

(half drawings)

87
Q

the case of S

A

perfectly recalled all types of information in any order, had no capacity or duration limits

88
Q

consequences of having really good memory like S

A

difficulty with faces

too focused on details- bad at understanding stories

struck ppl as dull and dim witted

89
Q

synesthesia

A

stimulation in one sense leads to an impression in another sense

combination of 2 different senses that normally wouldnt go together (tasting sounds)

or for S, sounds were visual images

90
Q

Clive wearing

A

only being conscious right in the moment
no recollection of other info
only has conscious awareness of past 30 seconds

91
Q

sensory memory types

A

iconic and echoic

92
Q

how to measure sensory memory

A

sperling task
- whole report
- partial report

partial report advantage disappears when there is a second delay

93
Q

iconic memory

A

visual

capacity is at least 9 items

duration about a second

94
Q

echoic memory

A

hearing

capacity large ish

duration 1-2 seconds

95
Q

millers magic number refers to

A

STM capacity

7 plus or minus 2

96
Q

without rehersal how long can you hold onto info

A

20 secs

97
Q

brown and peterson claimed that forgetting occured from

A

decay but also interference

sem 2 (5 decks)

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