COLD WAR 1

Question 1

why was there tension during the war and the cold war

Answer 1

ideological differences between the communist USSR and capitalist US and Britain
Roosevelt was suspicious of British colonialism and Churchill was wary of the spread of communism and Stalin

Question 2

countries and presidents in the Grand Alliance

Answer 2

Roosevelt (US), Stalin(USSR), Churchill(Britain)
they met a total of 3 times during WW2

Question 3

When was the Tehran conference

Answer 3

November 1943

Question 4

aims of the Tehran conference

Answer 4

-aim was to plan a winning strategy to end the war

Question 5

agreements made at Tehran

Answer 5

-USA and Britain would open a second front by launching an attack on Germany in Western Europe to ease pressure on the Eastern Front where the Soviets were suffering heavy losses- the Germans would have to withdraw troops from the Soviet union to fight in the west
-Stalin would declare war against Japan and supply Soviet troops to help the USA with the war against Japan once the war in Europe was over
- discussions about what would happen to Germany and the countries east of it after the war although no formal agreement was made- agreed in principle that the war should bring about the unconditional surrender of Germany and that it should remain weak after the war and that Poland should receive land from Germany but the USSR would keep land it had seized from Poland in 1939 (important to Stalin since he wanted to secure his western border)
- general agreement that an international body should be set up to settle disputes through discussion and negotiation rather than war which laid the ground for the future formation of the United Nations

Question 6

impact of the Tehran conference on international relations

Answer 6

-Stalin had originally been concerned that the USA and Britain were deliberately delaying the opening of a second front so the USSR would be weakened and he was pleased with the agreement to open a second front
- Churchill was not pleased because he had wanted to open a second front in the Balkans not the west, but Roosevelt sided with Stalin on this
-tension between USA and Britain since Roosevelt also seemed to view British colonialism as more of a threat to world peace that the USSR
-good relations between Roosevelt and Stalin

Question 7

when was the Yalta conference

Answer 7

February 1945

Question 8

aims for the Yalta conference

Answer 8

-to discuss winning the war and the government of post-war Europe- by this time the second front had been opened in France and British and American led forces were pushing the Germans back towards Berlin and the Soviets had defeated the Germans in the Soviet Union so they now had control over most of central and eastern Europe- Stalin was determined to keep the territory he’d won between the soviet border and Germany as a cushion against future German invasions

Question 9

agreements made at Yalta

Answer 9

• after the war Germany would be split into 4 zones, each of which would be controlled by a different power (USA, Britain, France, USSR
  -Germany would pay $20 billion in reparations, half of which would go to the Soviet Union and the Nazi party would be banned and war criminals prosecuted
• a United Nations would be set up with their first meeting on 25th April 1945 and all nations could join but USA and Britain refused Stalin’s suggestion that all 16 Soviet republics be given individual membership and instead Russia, Ukraine and Belarus were admitted
• Stalin agreed to join the war against Japan 3 months after Germany’s defeat and that future governments of countries in Eastern Europe would be decided in free elections
• Poland’s borders would be returned to their position in 1921 (giving the soviet Union considerable gains) and that there would be free elections- Stalin expected them to bring about a pro communist government while Britain supported the non communist London Poles

Question 10

changes in personnel by the time of Potsdam

Answer 10

-Roosevelt died in April 1945 and was replaced by Harry. S. Truman
- Winston Churchill and the conservative party lost the 1945 general election and the new Labour prime minister was clement Atlee

Question 11

world events by the time of the Potsdam conference

Answer 11

-Germany had surrendered in May 1945
- Scientists in the USA had developed an atomic bomb 9which was successfully tested the day after the conference began)
- The United Nations had been created in the Treaty of San Francisco in June 1945, which 51 members signed- USA, USSR, France, Britain and China were made permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto resolutions

Question 12

when was the Potsdam conference

Answer 12

July- August 1945

Question 13

relation between the three leaders at Potsdam

Answer 13

-Truman and Atlee were new to diplomatic discussions so it was harder for them to get their way with Stalin
- Truman was determined to take a ‘get tough’ approach with Stalin and deliberately delayed the conference until the atomic bomb was ready to give him an edge in discussions
- Atlee’s main concern was getting back to Britain to take charge and did not want the talks to drag on
-Stalin wanted control eastern Europe to ensure the security of the USSR but Truman saw this as communist aggression and Stalin attempting to spread communism, which soured relations in 1945-46

Question 14

agreements made at Potsdam

Answer 14

-Germany would be divided into four zones administered by the Soviet Union, USA, Britain and France but the German economy would be run as a whole
- Berlin would also be divided into four zones, controlled by different countries even though it was based inside soviet controlled Germany
-Stalin wanted Germany to pay heavy reparations but Truman was concerned that this would delay the recovery of Germany’s economy so it was agreed that each administering country should take reparations from its own zone and since the Soviet Union controlled the poorest zone it was allowed to take a quarter of industrial equipment from other zones
-agreements not reached over the government of Eastern Europe since Truman objected to the control the USSR had over the countries it had liberated from Nazi rule and was beginning to see the Red Army as an army of occupation, though there was little he could do without risking war
- Truman also objected to the previously agreed arrangements for Poland and the borders because he wanted to see a new government with less communist influence

Question 15

impact of the atom bomb on US and Soviet relations

Answer 15

• 6 August 1945 USA exploded an atom bomb over Hiroshima, Japan and a second over Nagasaki on August 9th- the blast in Hiroshima was equivalent to over 12,000 tons of the TNT used in ordinary bombs and it was estimated that over 120,000 Japanese civilians were killed by the two bombs
• some historians argue that the main reason for the exploding of the bombs was so the USA could establish a stronger bargaining position with the Soviet Union, although it actually made Stalin more determined to make the Soviet Union secure by first creating a buffer zone of communist sympathetic countries between Germany and the Soviet Union’s western borders
• the atomic bomb made countries of Western Europe feel more secure about placing themselves under American protection rather than looking to make an agreement with Stalin
  -Soviet scientists developed their own atomic bomb which was successfully tested on 29 August 1949 and by 1964 Britain, France and China also had an atomic bomb
• the bomb dramatically increased Cold War tensions but the knowledge of the what the consequences of a nuclear war could be kept may have made the USA and USSR more reluctant to go to war and instead they engaged in an arms race, in which each side tried to ensure their nuclear weapons were the more powerful

Question 16

the telegrams

Answer 16

Truman and Stalin feared that the break up of the Grand Alliance might lead to future conflict so in 1946 both asked their embassies to report on attitudes in each other’s countries- the reports came in the form of telegrams

Question 17

George Kennan’s Long telegram

Answer 17

George Kennan was America’s ambassador in Moscow and had lived and worked in the Soviet Union as a diplomat so his views in the telegram he sent was taken particularly seriously by the American government
-telegrams are usually short but Kennan’s was more like a letter so it was dubbed the long telegram
- it reported that Stalin wanted to see the destruction of capitalism and that he felt that the world outside the Soviet Union was hostile and looking to destroy communism, but also that the USSR would back down if faced with strong resistance
-the message worried the American government and affected the American policy towards the Soviet union in the coming years- the government believed there should be a determined policy of ‘containment’ to stop the spread of communism

Question 18

The Novikov Telegram

Answer 18

Nikolai Novikov was a Soviet diplomat working in Washington
- his telegram said that the USA wanted to use their massive artillery power to dominate the world and that since Roosevelt’s death the Americans no longer wanted to co-operate with the Soviet Union and that the people would support the government if this were to lead to war
- the telegram had a large impact in Moscow and made them all the more determined that they had to develop as much protection as possible in Eastern Europe

Question 19

iron curtain speech

Answer 19

Winston Churchill may have no longer been prime minister but he still wielded enormous influence
-March 1946 Churchill gave a speech on a visit to Fulton, Missouri in which he made it clear he viewed the Soviet Union as a threat to world peace and compared the divide between the rest of the world and Soviet controlled eastern Europe to an ‘iron curtain’
-he had been provoked to make this speech by the fact that communist governments had recently been set up in Hungary, Poland, Romania and Bulgaria
- since Churchill was speaking in the USA the speech must have been approved by Truman so Stalin interpreted Churchill’s words as also a reflection of American attitudes to the Soviet Union
- the telegrams and the speech intensified the hostility and tensions between the east and west and led to the Soviet Union strengthening their forces and stepping up their campaign of anti- western propaganda

Question 20

soviet satellite states

Answer 20

in 1944 and 1945 the Soviet Red Army freed many countries in Eastern Europe from the Nazis as it advanced west towards Germany and Stalin was reluctant to give up control of these countries since they acted as a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Germany
- Stalin turned these countries into satellite states with communist governments and little independence from the Soviet Union
- Truman saw this as evidence of the Soviet Union trying to spread communism and so the relations became worse

Question 21

how did each of the eastern European counties become satellite states

Answer 21

-Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia were conquered by the Soviet Union in 1940 and ere treated as part of the Soviet Union
- 1919-38 Czechoslovakia was the only democracy in eastern Europe and after the war a coalition government led by Benes tried to restore democracy which Stalin saw as a threat to the buffer he was trying to create and so Benes and other non communists were removed from power by a coup staged by communists and backed by the Soviet union in 1948- a pro communist government was set up under the leadership of Klement Gottwald
- Yugoslavia and Albania were also satellite states but were never occupied by the Red army so they had more independence than countries neighbouring the USSR
- 1944 Poles staged a rebellion against German occupation known as the Warsaw uprising- the Soviets had promised to support them but instead waited until the uprising had been crushed to invade Poland and install a pro- communist government, from which London poles were forced to flee or face imprisonment after supposedly free elections in 1947
-Hungary elections in 1945 where some communists were elected but not enough to form government - in 1947 election voters were intimidated in a campaign supported by Moscow and a communist party was elected and by 1949 it had become a one party communist state
-1944-45 soviet Red Army took control of Bulgaria, Romania and eastern parts of Germany and there ‘were ‘free’ elections in which voters were actually intimidated and all of which brough in communist governments

Question 22

why was Kennan’s telegram so worrying to Truman

Answer 22

it had essentially confirmed his worst fears that the soviet union intended to spread communism through Europe and though he was r reassured that the Soviet Union was not strong enough to fight a successful war against the West Truman knew that war was not necessary for the USSR to spread communism
- after the war, many European countries had been left in terrible economic positions, with much of their infrastructure, factories and roads destroyed and to the people communism, where wealth would be equally distributed, would have looked all the more attractive particularly to poorer members of society so all Stalin would need to do was influence and take advantage of the discontent in Europe to set up communist governments

Question 23

why was the Truman Doctrine introduced

Answer 23

the USA had originally hoped that wealthier countries like Britain would be able to aid in the recovery of Europe’s economies and help communism look less attractive but by the end of the war Britain had gone almost bankrupt and the possibility of being able to aid other countries was unlikely
-1947 Britain announced they could no longer provide military support to the Greek government against communist guerrillas

Question 24

Introduction of the Truman doctrine

Answer 24

12th March 1947 Truman delivered a speech to the US congress announcing an economic aid package for Greece and Turkey ($400 million and American civilian and military personnel) +he made clear what he saw as the differences between democracy and communism and spoke of two alternative ways of life each nation must choose, the first way offering majority rule and freedom from political oppression and the second for the will of the minority to be forced on the majority (communism)- he claimed communism should not be allowed to grow and that the USA was prepared to send troops and aid to countries trying to resist it- a collection of ideas which became known as ‘the Truman Doctrine’ and indicated the beginning of a new approach to international relations for the USA and the abandonment of their previous policy of isolationism and its replacement with a policy of containment

Question 25

isolationism

Answer 25

staying away or refraining from involvement in the affairs of others and was a policy the USA was forced to abandon when Pearl Harbour was bombed in 1941

Question 26

Marshall Plan

Answer 26

the USA's plan to offer aid to European countries since it had not sustained as much damage as they had- the details of how the aid would be provided was laid out in a speech by the US secretary of state, George Marshall 3 months after Truman's speech -Marshall plan was the practical outcome of the Truman doctrine in that it provided economic aid to war torn countries, indebting them to the USA and making communism seem like a less attractive option - between 1948 -52 the USA gave $12.7 billion dollars in aid

Question 27

impact of the Marshall plan

Answer 27

had a large impact though the effects were not fully seen until around 1950s and was described by the British foreign secretary, Ernest Bevin ' a lifeline to sinking men'

Question 28

Marshall aid to satellite states?

Answer 28

There was much debate in the USA bout whether the Soviet Union and satellite states should be offered Marshall aid and it was eventually decided that it would be offered but would only be given if after a thorough inspection of the country's finances, which the USA knew Stalin would not allow, so in practice the satellite states of eastern Europe did not benefit

Question 29

what was the Soviet response to the Marshall plan?

Answer 29

-although Truman saw it as a way of containing communism, Stalin believed it was the USA attempting to extend its influence in Europe and undermining the role of the United Nation by suggesting it was America's responsibility to protect/aid the rest of the world and that it was a way of the USA using their economic strength to divide Europe and establish an American economic empire which he called 'dollar imperialism'

Question 30

impact of the Truman doctrine and Marshall aid on international relations from 1947

Answer 30

-any lingering belief that the Grand Alliance still existed was gone since the USA had set up a direct opposition to the Soviet union and invited other nations to join it - reinforcement of Stalin's suspicions of the West since he believed he ow had evidence of America's intentions to crush the Soviet Union -division in Europe since The Marshall plan had succeeding in tying Western European countries into supporting the USA and Stalin had rejected this and set up Comecon, creating 2 separate economic and political camps in Europe - Europe continued in intense rivalry/ attempts to win political victories over the next 50 years

Question 31

differences of views on Germany

Answer 31

The division of both Berlin and Germany into 4 zones was originally meant to be temporary but ended up lasting for many years and the Allied Control Commission (ACC) was the central organisation for the 4 zones- there were soldiers on the streets and in berlin military checkpoints between zones - disagreements between occupying powers (Soviet Union, Britain, France, USA) were that the Soviet Union wanted to take as much material as possible from Germany to rebuild the Soviet Union while he western countries wanted to build up Germany's economy - March 1948 talks between foreign ministers broke down an the Soviets stormed out

Question 32

uniting the western zones of Germany

Answer 32

- the British and Americans had already combined their zones into 'Bizonia' in 1947 and in 1948 the French added theirs to form 'Trizonia', which meant that Germany was now split into 2 parts- western Trizonia and Soviet controlled Germany -June 1948 the 3 allies created a single currency, the Deutschmark to give Trizonia economic unity and the decision to introduce it was made at an ACC meeting in Berlin- the soviets were displeased

Question 33

why were the Soviets and Stalin angry about the formation of Trizonia and the Deutschmark

Answer 33

- the creation of the Deutschmark, a ne single currency in Trizonia created a separate economic unit from the East ad it acknowledged that were in effect 2 Germanys- east and west - Stalin saw the formation of merging of zones as an attempt to develop the 3 zones more effectively and deliberately forcing the Soviet union into poverty, making him all the more determined to stand firm and protect Soviet interests in Germany and believed it should be one untied country following communist ideology

Question 34

The Berlin Blockade

Answer 34

Stalin knew that Western occupied areas of Berlin were vulnerable since they were surrounded by Soviet territory and there were only 2 agreed land routes across the Soviet zone of Germany into Western occupied Berlin - June 1948, Stalin shut off the land routes across Soviet controlled Germany to Berlin , which became known as the Berlin Blockade - he did this to demonstrate to the western allies that a divided Germany would not work and since the main section of Trizonia would no longer be able to communicate with the capital Berlin and the people there would soon run out of food - if the Blockade was successful, Stalin would have won a propaganda victory at the expense of the West and the Western powers may have to give up control of their zones in Berlin, allowing the whole capital to be controlled by the Soviet union- this was a direct challenge to Truman since Stalin knew he would be unable to ignore this because of his recent speech about defending the world from communism

Question 35

How was the Berlin blockade resolved by the West

Answer 35

The West knew that an attempt to force supplies down the blocked land routes could be seen as a potential act of war and lead to military confrontation but if the supplies were instead flown in, the only way for Stalin to stop them would be to shoot the planes down, which would make the Soviet Union the aggressor, something Truman doubted Stalin as willing to risk -Operation Vittles was better known as the Berlin airlift in which the western allies flew food, coal and other necessities assembled in the allied zones along air routes- this was a risk to the pilots since it wasn't known if the Soviets would shoot them down - the people of West Berlin and the Western troops in the city joined forces to build a new runway at the old airport Berlin- Tempelhof and a new airport at Berlin-Tegel so that supplies could be landed in the western zones while ordinary citizens helped to unload the planes and hand out the essential supplies to all who needed them and the Americans were soon able to fly in 1000 tonnes of supplies every day and the British achieved a similar rate and in the peak month of flying in January 1949 around 170,000 tonnes of supplies were sent into Berlin by Western aircraft

Question 36

When was the Berlin Blockade lifted

Answer 36

May 1949 the Soviets gave in and lifted the Blockade - there were no allied casualties, West Berlin had survived and the west had won something of a propaganda victory in successfully responding peacefully to what now appeared to be and unwise act of aggression on the Stalin's part

Question 37

formation of west germany

Answer 37

23rd May 1949 3 days after the Berlin Blockade ended the USA, Britain and France permitted their zones to come together as a state known as the Federal Republic of Germany -14 August 1949 Germans in the new country were allowed to elect their own parliament called the Bundestag -15 September 1949 the 1st democratically elected chancellor of the Federal Republic, Konrad Adenauer took office -Federal Republic's new capital was Bonn and the new country was much bigger than east Germany - the 3 western controlled zones of Berlin continued and became known as West Berlin

Question 38

formation of East Germany

Answer 38

Stalin responded to the formation of the federal republic of Germany by creating the German Democratic Republic in October 1949 and only the communist bloc countries recognised it as a nation and the Federal Republic refused to recognise that Germany had been split in two until the 1970s

Question 39

creation of NATO

Answer 39

Stalin's threat to Berlin and the communist takeover in Czechoslovakia which happened the same yea convinced the Western allies that they needed a formal military alliance to protect themselves against the Soviet Union and wanted to send a message to Stalin demonstrating their determination to stand against communism - April 1949, USA, Britain, France and nine other western countries joined together in he North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)- the members agreed that if any member was attacked all members of NATO would come to its assistance - Ernest Bevin, the British Foreign secretary had played a large role in bringing about the alliance- he made a speech in British parliament in which he stated that European countries would welcome American involvement and called on other Western countries to reach out to the USA -NATO ha resulted in ongoing American military presence in Europe up to the present day - creation of a formal military alliance was a major step beyond America's initial level of involvement in the defence of western Europe

Question 40

creation of the Warsaw pact

Answer 40

when the German Federal republic was allowed to join NATO in 1955 the Soviet Union's fears increased since there was a danger of an armed and powerful Germany on the borders of the soviet controlled eastern Europe - within a week of west Germany joining NATO the Soviet Union formed an equivalent communist defensive military alliance- the Warsaw pact- the members were the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and the German democratic republic (these countries came to be known as the 'eastern bloc') - despite the many member states in the Warsaw Pact, the leadership was entirely soviet and the alliance was under command of the Soviet Union

Question 41

effect of the formation of NATO and Warsaw pact

Answer 41

-the divide in Europe was made clearer and the existence of two sides, one under the protection of the USA working to defeat communism and the other under the leadership of the soviet Union and seeking to extend communist control- increased hostility continued to drive international relations for the next 35 years

Question 42

arms race between the Soviet Union and the UA 1950- 58

Answer 42

USA originally felt secure in the knowledge that they had been the only one to develop and have in their possession the atomic bomb (1945) but the soviet atomic bomb was created in1949 - 1952, the USA had developed the hydrogen bomb which was a 100 times more powerful than the atomic bomb and restored the American advantage- the Soviet union also developed hydrogen bomb - 1957 the USA developed the ICBM (inter continental ballistic missile) which could fire a nuclear warhead at a target more than 4,500 kilometres away and a few months later, the Soviet Union was also in the process of testing its first ICBMs

Question 43

effect and purpose of the arms race

Answer 43

instead of the creation of powerful weapons being used to aid, war they were used as and acted as more of a deterrent of the other side against war since the nuclear weapons being created could have had incredibly damaging consequences and both sides understood the risks involved - important to maintain military strength and stop the rival from becoming more powerful

Question 44

new leader of the USA after Truman

Answer 44

Dwight Eisenhower was elected president of the USA in 1952 and took office 1953 - his presidential campaign targeted communism and both he and his secretary of state were strongly anti communist and Eisenhower was determined to block any attempt at soviet expansion but was also aware of the dangers posed by nuclear weapons so he was open to Soviet proposals that there should be talks to improve the relationship between the two superpowers

Question 45

new leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin

Answer 45

Stalin's death on 5 march 1953 led to a power struggle since Stalin had not named a successor - 1956 Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the effective ruler and at the Part congress in that year he openly criticised Stalin's policies and suggested there should be peaceful co-existence with the west

Question 45

why were the hopes for better relations (1956 ish) short lived

Answer 45

may 1955 West Germany joined NATO and the Soviet responded by forming the Warsaw Pact

Question 46

why were people hopeful (1956 ish) that the tension could be reduced and a solution to the Cold war found

Answer 46

- change of leadership in 1953/ 1956 with leaders more open to reconciliation and peaceful co existence - the Korean war in which the USA and the Soviet union had supported different sides had ended in 1953 - both the USA and Soviet Union had been spending large sums on their armed forces and both sides knew that reduced spending would be beneficial for their economies -agreement in 1955 about how Austria should be governed and a summit meeting in Geneva in July 1955- it failed to reach an agreement over disarmament and the future of Germany but the atmosphere lessened tensions

Question 47

Hungarian unrest leading up to the uprising

Answer 47

1956, people of Hungary began to protest about their lack of political freedoms and problems created by fuel shortages and poor harvests - in October there were riots in the capital, Budapest and police clashed with protesters after which soviet troops restored order but Khrushchev replaced the original Stalinist leader, Rakosi with Imre Nagy who was (former prime minister who believed that within a communist regime there should still be personal freedoms) in the hope his appointment would end the protests - within days of his appointment Nagy announced a set of reforms and reorganised the Hungarian government to include members of non communist parties and ending the one party state in Hungary as well as authorising the release of many political prisoners and persuading Khrushchev to withdraw soviet troops from Hungary, which Khrushchev was prepared to accept if they calmed the unrest in Hungary

Question 48

Hungarian uprising

Answer 48

1 November 1956 Nagy announced that Hungary would leave the Warsaw pact, which Khrushchev could not allow since if Hungary broke away from the Warsaw pact other Eastern European countries could follow suit, putting the strategy of surrounding the soviet union with a buffer of pro communist satellite states under threat - Khrushchev therefore ordered an invasion of Hungary and on 4th November, 1000 tanks rolled into Budapest and Nagy's supporters put up a fight in what became known as the Hungarian Uprising and requested help from the West, but none was sent- the invading soviet army is believed to have acted with great brutality and killed around 20,000 Hungarians in their mission to re-establish control - a new pro communist government was set up under Janos Kadar

Question 49

Nagy dies :( ?

Answer 49

Nagy and his supporters had originally believed that Khrushchev would adopt a 'softer' approach with the satellite states- he was wrong, however and Khrushchev was not willing to allow any threats to Soviet security. -Nagy and several members of his cabinet sought refuge in the Yugoslav Embassy and Kadar promised safe passage out of the country but Nagy and his supporters were kidnapped by soviet agents upon leaving and it was announced in July 1958 that he had been tried and executed -Khrushchev described hiss death as a 'lesson to the leaders of all Socialist countries'

Question 50

international reactions to the Hungarian Uprising

Answer 50

When Nag had announced his intention to have Hungary leave the Warsaw pact he and his fellow rebels expected support from the western nations and the USA - a US funded radio station 'Radio Free Europe', often broadcast messages urging the people of eastern Europe to stand up against the communist regime and since the USS had often help in the Marshall plan, many assumed they would be ready to help in other ways -Eisenhower was sympathetic to the Hungarians and while some countries did take in Hungarian refugees no military support was offered -US policy of containment meant that while they might take military action to stop communism being spread beyond satellite states, they weren't willing to risk the possibility of triggering a nuclear war by interfering in the affairs of an existing communist country

Question 51

impact of Hungarian uprising on international relations

Answer 51

-made Khrushchev's position in the Soviet union and the Warsaw pact stronger and more secure since now members were aware that they must do as they were told and that the USA would not offer support if they rebelled -Khrushchev became more confident in dealing with the USA because he now knew they were unlikely to risk taking military action - reflected badly on the west because the had encouraged communist allies to stand against the soviet union and the communist regime but weren't willing to back up their words with military support -USA still opposed the soviet invasion of Hungary and it soured relations between them (again)