RICHARD AND JOHN 1 Flashcards

Question

how did John secure power

Answer 1

- Arthur was only 12 at the time of Richard's death and was regarded as a foreigner by the English and John was supported by Eleanor who encouraged the English barons to accept John - crowned king 27 May 1199 and after taking his oath demonstrated his religious devotion by visiting the shrines of Canterbury and at Bury St Edmunds - showed good judgement by appointing a loyal baron to protect the north of his kingdom from the threat of Scotland -4 weeks later he left to secure continental lands of the Angevin empire in France, leaving England in the hands of trusted men who had served Richard loyally -May 1200 John and French king Phillip II met to sign a peace treaty - john agreed to give some of the Angevin lands to Phillip and paid homage to him and paid him around £13,500, the feudal fine he had to pay his overlord for the inheritance of the lands- he was now in theory the king of France's vassal+ Phillip dropped his support of Arthur's claim to the throne

Answer 2

1200- john and Phillip II were at war with each other again and Arthur joined Phillip- John was furious since he had made Arthur do homage to him for Brittany and Arthur had sided with Phillip, breaking his feudal oath - Arthur could well have been tried and condemned as a traitor or ransomed according to the chivalric code- instead, John ordered that he be blinded and castrated, which Arthur's gaolers refused to do- in the end, John or someone close to him stabbed Arthur and dumped his body in the river Seine- John's supporters were horrified by his treatment of Arthur and many trusted Norman barons began to change sides to support Phillip II - a criminal act and an error in political judgement

Answer 3

Richard was only present in England for 6 months throughout his entire 10 year reign -he was present to be crowned in 1189 and came to raise money for the crusade, selling towns and cities to the highest bidder, raising over £31,000 to fund the crusade -to ensure England was protected from his rivals Richard made an agreement with the Scottish king William where he was freed from his obligation to do homage to Richard in return for abandoning his claims to lands in the north of England + Richard provided john and Geoffrey with lands and titles and banned them from England for 3 years -William Longchamp-loyal servant- as chancellor and justiciar - Richard departed for his crusade after 6 months

Answer 4

1191 John was allowed in England and he set up his own court and began collecting taxes on his own behalf, before seizing control of Nottingham and Tickhill castles and deposing William Longchamp, replacing him with Walter of Coutances- he was supported in this rebellion by a number of barons who despised William Longchamp because he had paid Richard £3000 to be appointed chancellor and was arrogant in his treatment of the barons and relaced many of the sheriffs with his own men, further angering them since many had paid Richard to be appointed -October 1191 at a meeting in London the barons decided john should act as regent in Richard's absence

Answer 5

Richard's return to England was delayed by his imprisonment in 1192-94, a period in which John ruled as regent although he was unpopular for a number of reasons : he imposed heavy taxes to pay for his campaigns in France, announced Richard dead and himself the legitimate heir, only to be caught out when a letter from Germany arrived stating Richard was alive and being held captive, and allied with Phillip II to seize Richard's lands in France - February 1194 Richard was released and John had to throw himself on his mercy and was forgiven but humiliated when Richard told him 'have no fear, John, you are but a child. It is those who led you astray who will be punished'- John was 27 - Richard appointed Hubert Walter as justiciar (archbishop of Canterbury) and left after 3 months and did not again return to England - Hubert Walter introduced a system where 4 knights were selected in every hundred to take charge of the system of justice in their area so England was governed peacefully until Richard's death in 1191

Answer 6

1199- 1216 -for the 1st 6 years of his reign, John's main concern was defending his lands in France and this meant there was no significant change in the system of government and Geoffrey Fitz peter, one of Richard's justiciars, acted as John's regent- this was before john began causing problems

Answer 7

-john chose 'new men' to advise him rather than the barons, which angered them since advising the king was traditionally their responsibility -the new men were entirely dependent on John for their wealth and exploited their positions to gain large rewards for their advice, while the barons were being increasingly excluded from government - John virtually closed the court of the King's bench at Westminster and ended the practice of sending royal justices out to hear cases in the shires so cases could only be heard in the royal court when John was present so John himself was blamed by barons when the judgements went against them -John punished those who displeased him cruelly, e.g. one of his leading barons, William de Braose owed a large debt to him and was forced to flee the country while his wife and son were imprisoned and starved to death- which created more unrest amongst the barons -John had far more records kept during his reign and was unable to trust his barons and hence failed to work with them effectively to control the kingdom

Answer 8

both Richard and John made arge demands of their subjects for money and due to the wars in France, the crusades and Richard's ransom the people had to be taxed - prices rose rapidly in the early 13th century also because a large number of silver coins had been imported to England from the continent, leading to debasement of the coinage, prices being pushed up and values of revenue from royal lands falling

Answer 9

land held strictly by the king - provided the king with money from rent to pay his expenses in times of peace -made up of hunting forests, royal manor estates with attached towns and villages- ownership of these towns was very profitable for the king because he could charge rent from those living there and collect taxes from those who sold goods there

Answer 10

compulsory land tax paid by the tenants of the royal demesne, including those living in royal towns- inc. townsmen an peasants - some argue the payment of the tallage was a sign of lower status because it was paid only by the lower classes and not the knights or barons and was unpopular for this reason and also because it could be demanded by the king or a lord and no appeal against it was allowed- additionally there was no fixed sum so the amounts demanded were often unreasonably high

Answer 11

certain payments the king was able to call upon their vassals for - payment of forest fines -payment to ransom the king out of captivity -payment to knight the king's eldest son - payment to provide a dowry for the king's eldest daughter - payment of a fine to the king when an heir inherited the feudal lands of his father - payment of wardship fines like revenue from the lord's land

Answer 12

one of the most profitable of feudal incidents -if a baron died while his heir was underage his land was returned to the king and the heir along with his siblings became wards of the king who was responsible for them until the heir became an adult and decided everything for them, including their education and in return the king would keep the revenues of the baron's land until the heir came of age, at which point the lands would be returned on payment of a fine (wardship fine)- under John the wardship fines were increased by around 300%- king could also claim a fine upon the marriage of his ward and could organise the marriage of the late vassal's widow and collect a payment from her new husband

Answer 13

areas of land could be designated as 'forest' which was under the protection of the king, who could claim fines from those living, hunting, working and foraging on forest land- these affected barons, peasants and knights- John increased them heavily and most fell on the northern barons

Answer 14

cases were usually started by the payment of a fee for the writ which went to the king- John interfered with the progress of cases and sometimes accepted bribes, which led to complaints that he sold justice

Answer 15

payment made by holders of a knight's fee in return for not having to fight- both Richard an John used this to pay for engineers, foot soldiers and bowmen in their wars- these soldiers were not included in the king's feudal army but were needed in an open battlefield and professional soldiers or mercenaries needed to be hired and they were paid by scutage -john demanded 11 scutages in 16 years which greatly angered his barons as it was believed it should only be collected in an emergency

Answer 16

1207 -John developed a new method of taxation where he demanded tax based on the goods and income of every man, claiming it was needed to pay for a campaign in France and this was somehow approved by the barons present at the meeting - the tax was 1 shilling in every mark (a mark was around or over 13 shillings) so the tax became known as a 'thirteenth'- those who did not pay risked imprisonment and seizure of all their property - raised £60,000 but was so unpopular John did not collect it again

Answer 17

a lord could do whatever he wanted with a villein except kill or injure them and they could even be sold- they could also be freed by the lord issuing a charter

Answer 18

work began at dawn and lasted till dusk - work depended on season in spring crops were sown and in summer crops harvested and in autumn fields ploughed -tools used were basic so the work was physically demanding

Answer 19

where most peasants lived and worked - made up of 1 or several villages surrounding a manor house where the lord or bailiff lived- the lord kept some of the land on the estate for himself and the rest would be divided up amongst the peasants for them to farm - work on the land supervised by a reeve who divided out the work and kept accounts of the ales of produce and ret collection

Answer 20

small houses with thatched roofs known as cruck houses with walls made f wooden strips woven together and plastered with manure- one room and little furniture -floor covered in straw

Answer 21

-village farming divided into 2 or 3 open fields -one field usually left fallow to allow the soil to recover while the others were farmed -fields divided into strips of which peasants would have in different fields so that they would have a hare in the best and worst soils -fields ploughed, sow and harvested by villeins and cottars helped at harvest time - every villein had to grow the same crop in the field and the type of crop depended on the oil -villeins took their crops to the village mill to be ground and pay a fee for using it which was charged by the lord - animals kept

Answer 22

women controlled by their father and then their husband - became her husband's property after marriage and carried out domestic duties such as caring for children, cooking, cleaning, spinning and weaving +growing food in a vegetable garden and looking after small animals like geese +basic nursing for the family -help bring in the crop in harvest time and a daughter would be expected to help her mother with the household and farm duties -peasants didn't go to school obviously

Answer 23

-established by a royal charter -charter granted the town freedom from control of the local lord and from paying certain taxes - had a law court and a form of self government -London was the biggest town- it had elected officials called aldermen who played important roles in governing the city- each alderman was responsible for an area called a ward and 12 of them sat in law courts and made judgements -1215, John allowed towns to elect their own mayor

Answer 24

pagan or Christian festivals -villagers gathered and enjoyed sports like wrestling and were accompanied by drinking ale- expensive though so no indulging yourself often if you're poor, which they all were.

Answer 25

developed out of group of individuals working in the same trade - guilds include weavers, dyers, goldsmiths, bakers, carpenters, etc - 40 towns with guilds by the end of john's reign and members paid an entrance fee and a guarantee that they would pay their taxes -guild membership meant unrestricted access to trade in the town but you could not practice the trade if you were not a member

Answer 26

essential role in trade and raising revenue for the king -controlled by tolls which had to be paid on sales and purchases +collected when people used certain roads and bridges and passing through town gates + R &j both collected customs duties which were taxes on goods that were imported and exported - buying and selling often carried out in local markets usually held on Sundays where traders sold goods at open tables and officials collected rent for the tables- market trade boosted the town's income ad allowed some of them to become very wealthy -trade required the building of bridges as roads the maintenance of which was left to the town's government- however they often flooded and collapsed and made traveling slow and difficult which affected trade - large towns crucial to England's trade because they allowed goods to be bought from and sold to foreign countries

Answer 27

-at first solely for enjoyment but later important trade was carried out which included trading luxury goods such as wines and silks- towns paid for a king's license to hold a fair and they raised huge amounts of money in taxes and tolls

Answer 28

all townsmen were free hence could choose the work he did rather than being tied to the land as a labourer -townspeople were employed in many different jobs which often required training like blacksmiths and weavers and so young people were apprenticed to a master craftsman at 14 and trained between 5 to 9 year before they could practice the trade alone and only if they were part of a guild and children could work in different fields to parents unlike in towns where all children became labourers -some women in towns could work in trade often by supporting their husbands, working in a bakery or tavern or weaving and occasionally joined guilds though this was less common- a widow might join a guild to run her late husband's business - towns crowded and dirty and inhabitants emptied chamber pots into streets and rain washed the waste into wells causing disease - at night town watchmen patrolled to keep people safe from attackers and accidental fires that spread quickly in narrow streets and wooden houses

Answer 29

number of jews grew over time and by 1200 there were about 5,000 in England and had settled in large towns like London, York and Norwich -allowed to live in England under protection of the king- a right confirmed by John in a charter in 1201- they did not have to pay tolls and customs duties and inheritance rights were guaranteed- but they were the property of the king and could be taxed basically whenever

Answer 30

christians were not allowed to charge interest for lending money but Jews were so money lending became their main business since they were banned from many other occupations and huge amounts of money were owed to the Jews -death of a Jewish money lender could be profitable for the king because if he died without making a will the king had the right to collect the debts owed to him

Answer 31

pogroms were violent attacks on the Jewish population, the underlying cause of which was anti -Semitism - Christians saw money lending as unchristian but were angry because it enabled the Jews to become wealthy -Jews accused of being 'Christ killers' because according to the bible they had condemned Jesus to the cross -trigger for the pogroms was when the Jews of London presented Richard with a gift, which some Christians saw as an insult to the king, starting a riot and killing Jews -Jews were profitable for Richard so he got mad and hanged the ringleaders and sent orders to every shire that the Jews were not to be harmed

Answer 32

despite Richard's orders the pogrom continued over the next few months and in March 1190 in York 150 Jews took refuge in Clifford's tower, the castle in York but with no way out men killed their wives and children before committing suicide, after which survivors were killed by the mob - the Jewish community survived the pogroms but their prosperity declined and the massacre was seen as acceptable by many Christians

Answer 33

1194 Jews required to pay £3,375 towards Richard's ransom - the charter granting them their rights in 1201 came at the price of £2,700 and in 1207 John demanded a tallage of £2,700 and one tenth of the value of all their loans- affected Christians when John demanded swift repayment of the loans -1210 John began arresting Jews and demanded that the community pay a tallage of £44,000, contributed to by even the poorest Jews

Answer 34

holy war fought by Christians, and at this time the main objective was to restore the Holy land especially Jerusalem, to Christian control and by 1095 these lands had fallen into the hands of the Seljuk Turks who were Muslims to whom the Christians were hostile because of their different faiths - war was justified by Christians by saying it was allowed it it was called by a legitimate authority like the pope, for a just cause and that it should be fought with the minimum of violence-under these circumstances, it would be a 'just war'

Answer 35

after the 1st crusade 4 crusader sites were established by the Christians but they were surrounded by enemies and were weakened by constant bickering and jealousy between the main Christian lords- these weaknesses were exploited by Muslim leader Saladin who in July 1187 defeated a Christian army in the battle of Hattin- he then attacked Jerusalem which fell under his control -Pope was shocked and issued a papal bull in which he described the horrors with which Christian s were being treated with by the Muslims and called for a 3rd crusade and offered full indulgence for anyone who died in it

Answer 36

1095 -pope called upon Christians to rescue Jerusalem and the Holy land , in other words, a crusade against the Seljuk Turks -it captured Jerusalem but the Holy City was not secure and fell into the hands of the Muslim forces 1187 so a new crusade was required to reclaim it

Answer 37

-granting knights salvation or direct entry into heaven in order to encourage them to participate in the crusade

Answer 38

one of the 3 main armies that left for the Holy land in 1190 (2 others were led by Frederick I/Barbarossa the Holy Roman Emperor and Phillip II) -Richard gathered a force of approx. 17,000 men in Sicily in 1191 of men who came from England and the Angevin empire -made up of knights and military households which included knights' squires who were training to become knights -skilled fighters and overall the army was highly disciplined and professional

Answer 39

-religious response to the pope's call to defend the Holy Land and many were attracted by the indulgence offered -primogeniture meant that fiefs in England could only be inherited by the eldest son so younger sons would join the crusade in hopes of winning some land -crusaders did not have to pay the Saladin tithe that was collected to fund the crusade -crusaders were promised that their debts would be cancelled

Answer 40

supported by most English people because it was considered a godly act for them to journey to the Holy land and fight for Christianity - since pilgrimages were an important part of Christianity and the most popular place was Jerusalem it would be easier for it to be under Christian control -positive attitude is shown by the reputation of a great king Richard gained by participating, despite not having done much ruling

Answer 41

family members would have to manage lands for an absent knight and since sons usually accompanied the father decisions had to be made on who would go or stay - cost of the crusade was resented due to the Saladin tithe and Richard's ransom which put a financial burden on an already heavily taxed population -Richard was always going on crusades and to busy to be king in his own country????? idk

Answer 42

-personal connections- he was the grandson of Fulk of Anjou who had been king of Jerusalem so he may have felt it was in his blood to fight for Jerusalem - personal glory- a chance to be remembered and celebrated as a hero of war -best opportunity to go on one was then since he had consolidated himself as king and he had all the wealth and power necessary - religious devotion- the crusade was seen as a sacred duty for Christians

Answer 43

they departed on crusade at the same time but there was already a strain in the relationship -Phillip wanted to extend the royal lands in France by taking the land from the Angevin empire - Richard held a strategically important piece of land in France called the Vexin as a dowry for Phillip's sister Alys but he had not married her -1190 Frederick Barbarossa died and many of his troops returned home and Phillip and Richard began to compete for the position as leader of the crusade -on arriving at Messina, Sicily, unlike Phillip, Richard received a magnificent reception at which Phillip declared he would depart for the Holy land immediately, only to be forced into a humiliating return by the rough seas -When Richard landed in Cyprus he married Berengaria of Navarre- humiliated and angered Phillip -Richard conquered Cyprus and since in July 1190 they had agreed to split their conquests equally Phillip felt entitled to half the value of Cyprus which Richard refused -July 1191 Richard and phillip won a joint victory at Acre, but Phillip was angry that richard hadused his wealth to pay his soldiers a higher wage that Phillip could afford and there wa a dispute over who should be king of Jerusalem- Richard supported Guy de Lusignan while Phillip supported Conrad de Montferrat and though a compromise was reached where guy would be king and be succeeded by conrad and his heirs it didn't actually solve anything

Answer 44

-he was suffering from condition that made his hair and teeth fall out - Richard's behaviour was arrogant and he refused to share rewards -Count Flanders had died and Phillip feared with Flanders weakened, rivals would attack France

Answer 45

Leopold of Austria after Richard's men tore down Leopold's flag at Acre because it was claimed that he, a duke, had no right to display his banner alongside the flags of Richard and Phillip and if he had displayed the banner it would have implied Leopold had an equal share in the spoils of the crusade which Phillip and Richard were determined to keep to themselves - Leopold left the crusade with a deep resentment towards Richard and so he lost 2 important allies

Answer 46

July 1191 -had been besieged by a Christian army since 1189 but was conquered with the arrival of Phillip and they used catapults to break down the city walls -12 July the Muslims surrendered and the agreement with Saladin was reached that Muslim would hand over the Christian prisoners ad the True cross, and pay 200,000 gold coins - Saladin did not return the cross or the prisoners and instead of coins sent a note promising to pay the money and Richard believing Saladin was stalling for time on 20 August he took 2,700 Muslim prisoners to Saladin's camp and beheaded them outside - may have been because he didn't want to be weighed down by prisoners and they would have been difficult to feed and they could've escaped

Answer 47

September 1191 -Richard marched his troops south towards Jaffa and the weather was hot, the distance great and they were constantly attacked by the Muslims and so Richard's army marched close to the river and organised ships to sail down the coast so supplies could be provided -Saladin gathered a large army on the plain of Arsuf, but Richard won the battle -led his troops into Jaffa where they fortified the city and his victory apparently demonstrated bravery and outstanding leadership skills

Answer 48

October 1191- January 1192 -Richard ad the crusader forces began marching towards Jerusalem with slow progress due to heavy rain

Answer 49

-feared Saladin's forces would surround them -worried they would be cut off from their supplies -Jerusalem was protected by a string of fortresses in Muslim hands and a strong outer wall which would be difficult to break through -January 1192 Richard ordered a retreat- leading crusaders understood he reasons but many soldiers were disappointed given the great effort it had taken to get there and some returned to Acre while Richard marched south to capture Ascalon

Answer 50

-he had received news of John's rebellion so he needed to return as soon as possible -other important crusader nobles were prepared to march on Jerusalem without him and Richard didn't want them to take all the glory

Answer 51

June- July 1192 -began successfully and they reached Beit Nuba within 4 days which was only 12 miles from Jerusalem and Saladin was experiencing trouble keeping his army together so there was a good chance of capturing Jerusalem but Richard said no :(

Answer 52

-He feared Saladin would cut his supply lines to the coast -it was the height of summer and water was scarce -he did not believe the Christians in the Holy Land could hold the city once the Crusaders returned to Europe

Answer 53

August- September 1192 -end of July Saladin launched an attack on Jaffa - Richard arrived and led the attack against Saladin's army -5 August Saladin launched another attack and was again defeated by Richard -Saladin was ill and eager to reach a settlement and Richard needed to return home so in September 1192 they reached an agreement for a 3 year truce in the fighting, the Christians would control the coastline from Tyre to Jaffa and the Muslims would remain in control of Jerusalem and Christian pilgrims would have free and safe access to Jerusalem -9 October Richard goes home

Answer 54

November 1192 Richard shipwrecked off the northern Adriatic coast and he and his companions travelled on land disguised as pilgrims but it was not long before they were recognised - Richie arrested and imprisoned by Leopold -February 1193 Leopold sells Richie to Holy roman emperor Henry VI who was really happy :) -Richie's life wasn't at risk because chivalric code and the purpose of capturing a great knight was to claim a high ransom- it was agreed to ask for a total of 100,000 marks plus an additional 50,000 marks- it would be split between Henry and Leopold and none for Phillip but he was more concerned with the ransom being high enough that Richard would be released quickly

RICHARD AND JOHN 1 Flashcards

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