cold war Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
what is capitalism
A
the focus on individual rights, freedom and trade
2
Q
what is communism
A
the focus on the rights of working class and equality
3
Q
what happened in 1917 to do with Russia and the west
A
the communists overthrew the Russian government
4
Q
what happened in 1922 (russa/ussr/soviet union)
A
Russia merged with 5 neighbouring States to form a new country - the Soviet Union. over time more land was added which made it feared as a communist empire
5
Q
what were the issues at the Tehran conference
A
how to defeat Hitler
Germany’s future
Eastern Europe (what to do with it)
war against Japan
6
Q
what were the disagreements over Germanys future (T. conference)
A
- stalin thought Germany should be forced to give up land and pay reparations
- Roosevelt and Churchill felt Germany should be rebuilt
7
Q
what were the disagreements over Eastern Europe (T. conference)
A
- stalin wanted to take parts of Poland
- Britain and America were not happy but agreed
8
Q
what were the disagreements about the war against Japan (T. conference)
A
- usa and Britain wanted the ussr to enter the war against Japan
- ussr would not agree until Germany was defeated
9
Q
what happened at the yalta conference
A
- it was agreed that Germany would pay for the damage done in the war with half going to the ussr
- Big three agreed to hunt down and punish war criminals
- stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan once Germany had surrendered
10
Q
why was Russia scared of Germany
A
Germany had invaded the ussr twice in 30 years and stalin wanted to make sure it didn’t happen again
11
Q
what did the ussr hope poland would be
A
expanded westwards by giving it parts of germany
12
Q
what kind of government did stalin want in Poland
A
a pro soviet government
13
Q
where was there an alternative government and why did Churchill prefer them
A
in London who were anti communist
14
Q
what happened between 28/11 and 01/12/1943
A
Tehran conference
15
Q
what happened between 04/02 and 11/02/1945
A
yalta conference
16
Q
when did Roosevelt die
A
12/04/1945
17
Q
when was ve day
A
08/05/1945
18
Q
what happened between 17/07 and 02/08/45
A
potsdam conference
19
Q
what happened on 26/07/1945
A
Clement Attlee replaces Churchill
20
Q
what was agreed at the potsdam conference
A
- Germany would be divided into 4 zones
- Berlin would be divided into 4 zones
- ban the nazis x
21
Q
what were points of disagreements at the potsdam conference
A
- government of Eastern Europe
- Poland borders
22
Q
what was the iron curtain
A
a figurative line that divided the communist East from the capitalist west in europe
23
Q
what is an iron fist
A
used by Truman to describe a tougher approach to the ussr
24
Q
what is a warmonger
A
someone who wishes to provoke a war
25
what was ussr control over the baltic states like
conquered by the soviet Union in 1940
no pretence of them being separated
treated as part of the ussr
26
what was ussr control over Poland like
Poland staged a rebellion in 1944 called the Warsaw uprising
Soviets invaded once the rebellion was crushed
New rigged election in 1947 - communist government return
london poles were forced to flee
27
what was ussr control over Romania like
party dominated by communists was set up
ussr forced them to appoint a new prime minister on 1945
monarchy was abolished in 1947
28
what was ussr control over Bulgaria like
left wing parties took over in 1944
abolished anyone who could expose them
29
what was ussr control over yugoslovakia like
never occupied by the red army at the end of ww2
the president and stalin got on well until he didn't follow orders
expelled from communist info bureau
30
what was ussr control over Albania like
took over in 1945
never occupied by the red army
quite independent
31
what was ussr control over Hungary like
free elections in 1945 which saw a non communist party in power
rigged elections in 1947
communist state by 1949, all other parties were banned
32
what was ussr control over czechoslovakia like
only democracy in Eastern Europe (1919-1938)
communists were the largest party from 1946
communists used the army to seize control in 1948
non communist foreign secretary was murdered
other parties were banned
33
what was ussr control over the east of Germany like
fully controlled
voters were intimidated
communist government was elected
separate communist state in 1949
34
what is a satellite state
country that is officially independent but is controlled by another country
35
3 examples of satellite states
Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland
36
how did the ussr deal with free elections
they fixed them as much as possible
37
how did the ussr behave once in power
got rid of opposition parties and made each country a single party state
38
how did the ussr keep control in communist parties
- made them obey Moscow
- atmosphere of fear and mistrust
- using police and army
- made them dependent on the ussr
39
what was the Truman Doctrine
it stated that there was a choice between communist tyranny and democratic freedom, America had to fight for liberty, America would help the government that was threatened by communists, communists should not beallowed to grow
40
why was the truman doctrine significant
it said america had responsibility to protect the world and it divided the world according to ideology - capitalism and communism were in opposition
41
what was Marshall aid
$13 billion of American money to rebuild Europe and beat communism
42
what was the marshall plan
committed to rebuild the shattered economies of Europe through $13 billion and weaken the attraction of communism
43
what is dollar imperialism
'buying' an empire:
- usa offered aid to ussr but it was not accepted
- truman saw his policy as a defensive measure
- stalin saw it as usa trying to extend their influence in europe
44
what happened to the grand alliance from 1947
it was completely over - usa was in direct opposition to the ussr
45
what were the aims of the communist information bureau
controlling governments of satellite states and make them follow communism and take orders from Moscow
46
what were the effects of the communist information bureau
satellite states were encouraged to concentrate on trading with other cominform members, rejected marshall plan, spread propaganda about usa
47
when was cominform established
22 September 1947
48
what were the aims of comecon
communist states keep their independence and did not want the USA to become influential
it was the ussr's version of the marshal aid
49
what were the effects of comecon
intensified conflict between europe
50
what did comecon mean
Council for mutual economic assistance
51
when was comecon established
25 January 1949
52
how did the west strengthen Germany in 1947
they set up trizonia- Britain, USA and France came together to support Germany economically
53
what did trizonia do
it recognised there were two Germany- est and west
54
what were the events of Berlin blockade
>1948- stalin decided to shut off the land routes across soviet controlled Germany
>trizonia couldn't communicate with the capital of Berlin and Berlin ran out of food
>western allies launched operation vittles to fly out food, coal and other necessities along the air corridors
> people of west Berlin built a new airport at berlin-tegel so that supplies could he landed in western zones
>1949- Soviets gave in and lifted the blockade there were no casualties
55
what were the results of the Berlin blockade
Cold War got worse -almost started a hot war
East and West Germany split up
Nato and the Warsaw pack were set up
Arms race between USA and ussr
56
what was nato
an alliance between Western allies (North Atlantic Treaty organisation)
57
what was the Warsaw pack
alliance between communist states
58
when was the Warsaw pack made and who was in it
formed in 1955 with soviet Union, Poland and est Germany
59
what was the timeline of the arms race
11/1952: uusa successfully tests hydrogen bomb
01/1953: esienhower takes office as usa president
03/1953: stalin dies
08/1953: ussr successfully test hydrogen bomb
05/1955: German federal Republic (West Germany) joins nato
02/1956: khrushcchev (new leader of ussr) criticises stalin
11/1956: Hungarian uprising crushed
06/1957: usa launches first iner continental ballistic missile
08/1957: ussr tests first icbm
06/1958: imre nagy (prime minister of Hungary) got executed
60
why were there hope for reductions in cold War tensions in 1953
- New leader in the white House (Dwight eisenhower)
- New leader in the soviet Union (nikia khrushchev)
- Korean war
- arms race
- Geneva summit
61
what was Hungary like under ussr control in 1956
- no democracy
- no freedom of speech
- religion was discouraged
- non communist parties were persecuted
- secret police force
- made children learn Russian
- changed Street names to Russian
- wages were low
62
what was the point of the secret speech from khrushchev in 1956
He used his speech to make unexpected and unprecedented condemnations of the policies and excesses of his predecessor, Joseph Stalin, setting off a chain of reaction that led to calls for reform in Eastern Europe and a new policy in the Soviet Union for dealing with the West.
63
what is destalinisation
the removal of stalins influence
64
what was the thaw
reduction in cold war tensions
65
what was the timeline of the Hungarian uprising
23/10/1956: riots in Budapest due to food and fuel shortages
10/1956: Poland was granted rights through street protests - caused fighting in Budapest
10/1956: khrushchev withdrew the red army and soviet troops restored order
10/1956: nagy recognised the government with non communists
01/11/1956: Hungary was withdrawn from Warsaw pack, free elections
1956: Hungary alliance with ussr ended
04/11/1956: 1000 soviet tanks and 200,000 troops invaded Hungary
1956: 20,000 people were killed and ussr reestablished control, 200,000 fled to the west
1956: nagy was caught, arrested, trialed, found guilty, and executed
66
what was life like in East Germany after the hungarain uprising
- less aid from soviet Union
- low standard of living
- restrictions on human rights
- 3 million people fled to west
67
what was life like in west after the hungarain uprising
- received marshal aid
- democratic
- Good standard of living
68
what did khrushchev say in his Berlin ultimatum
- Berlin should be demilitarised
- Western troops demilitarised
- Berlin should become a free city
69
when was the Berlin ultimatum
27 November 1958
70
whhat would happen if the west didn't agree to the Berlin ultimatum
they had 6 months to make the changes or east Germany would own all routes to berlin
71
when was the Vienna conference
1961
72
what was the reason for the vienna conference
discussed the issues of Berlin and the Southeast Asian country of Laos.
73
when was Khrushchev's berlin ultimatum
november 1958
74
when was the geneva summit
may 1959
75
when was the camp david summit
september 1959
76
what was the u-2 crisis
the shooting down of an american plane which caused a confrontation between the usa and ussr
77
when was the paris summit
may 1960
78
what did the u-2 incident lead to
the collapse of the paris summit between the us, the ussr, the uk and france
79
when was the vienna summit
june 1961
80
what happened at the vienna summit/conference
berlin ultimatum renewed
81
when did the contstruction of the berlin wall begin
august 1961
82
when did kennedy visit berlin
june 1961
82
why did kennedy visit berlin in 1963
to challenge Soviet oppression and offer hope to the people of the divided city
83
what was the impact of the berlin wall
prevent the West from having further influence on the East, stop the flow of migrants out of the communist sector, and ultimately become the most iconic image of the Cold War in Europe
84
who was peter fechter
an 18 year old bricklayer who died on august 17, 1962 after being shot when trying to flee East Germany
85
what was the impact of the berlin wall on civilians (statistics)
at least 136 people were killed at the Wall between 1961 and 1989
98 east german fugitaves were killed trying to flee
30 people from the east and the west who had not intended to flee were shot
86
what did kennedy say in his speech (cuban revolution)
- Clay would only return to Berlin if needed
- he said the communists should come to Berlin
- democracy is not perfect but better than communism
- called the Berlin wall an offence against humanity
- refered to berlin as a defended island of freedom
87
when did castro become leader of cuba
january 1959
88
when did the cuban gov nationalise foreign owned land in cuba
may 1959
89
when did castro sign an agreement with krushchev
february 1960
90
when did the usa break off relations with cuba
january 1961
91
when was 'bay of pigs' invasion
august 1961
92
what was the bay of pigs invasion
intended to remove Castro's government and place a pro-American government in Cuba.
93
what was the outcome of the bay of pigs invasion
forced Castro (cuban) closer to the Soviet Union, causing the Cuban Missile Crisis.
94
when did krushchev offer weapons to cuba
september 1961
95
when were the soviet missile solos seen by u-2 spy planes
14th november 1961
96
when did kennedy announce the blockade
22nd of november 1962
97
when did the soviet union agree to remove missiles from cuba
28th november 1962
98
when was the test ban treaty
august 1963
99
what was the test ban treaty
banned all nuclear tests in the atmosphere, in space, or underwater
100
why did khrushchev put nuclear weapons in cuba
wanted the usa to feel threat and restore his prestige after the berlin wall
101
what did khrushcev offer on the 26/11/1962
removal of cuban missiles if usa agvreed not to invade
102
what was brinkmanship
pushing disagreements to the point where war is likely to occur
103
what is non proliferation
stopping the spread of something
104
what is mutually assured destruction
use of nuclear weapons were pointless as both sides could retaliate
105
what is detente
permanent easing of tension between superpowers
