Coldspot and Hotspot Analysis Flashcards
1
Q
Characteristics of UNIQUE areas on Earth
A
Biologically rich but highly threatened
2
Q
3 threats to rich biodiversity
A
- Urbanization
- Pollution
- Disease outbreak
3
Q
Today, species are going extinct at the _____ rate
A
unimaginable
4
Q
Areas or region on earth which are among the richest in terms of biodiversity but at the same time the most endangered bio-region in the planet
A
Biodiversity hotspot
5
Q
Biodiversity hotspots must have at least ____ vascular plants as endemics
A
1,500
6
Q
Biodiversity hotspots must have a high percentage of plant life found ____ on the planet.
A
nowhere else
7
Q
A hotspot is _____
A
irrepleaceable
8
Q
Hotspots must have ___ or less of its original natural vegetation threatened
A
30%
9
Q
When was the word “biodiversity hotspot” coined?
A
1988
10
Q
Who is the British ecologist who coined the word “biodiversity hotspot”
A
Norman Myers
11
Q
Norman Myers identified ____ “hotspots” as areas with both ____ and ____
A
exceptional levels of plant endemism, serious levels of habitat loss
12
Q
How many percent of all species of vascular plants are confined in 25 hotspots?
A
~44%
13
Q
How many percent of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined in the 25 hotspots?
A
35%
14
Q
hotspot expanses comprise ____ of the red areas
A
30±3%
15
Q
On a global scale, the 25 hotspots are mostly located in the ____
A
tropics
16
Q
The intact habitats of those in the 25 hotspots represent just ____ of land’s surface but they support more than ____ of the world’s plant species as endemics
A
2.5%, half
17
Q
The hotspots in the tropics comprise nearly ___ of birds, mammal, reptile, and amphibian species as _____
A
43%, endemics
18
Q
4 criteria used for the “hottest hotspot”
A
- Numbers of endemics (plants/vertebrates)
- Endemic species/area
- Ratios for both plants and vertebrates
- Rate of habitat loss
19
Q
2 Reasons why Biodiversity hotspots matter
A
- Biodiversity underpins all life on Earth
2. Biodiversity hotspots serves as natural habitats of human civilization
20
Q
How does biodiversity underpins all life on Earth? (3)
A
- Loss of species would mean no air to breathe
- No food to eat, no water to drink
- No human society will succeed
21
Q
How do biodiversity hotspots serve as a natural habitat for human civilization? (2)
A
- Hotspots are among the richest and most important ecosystems
- Home to many vulnerable populations who are directly dependent on nature
22
Q
Hotspots make up ____ of the vital “ecosystem services” that vulnerable human populations rely upon
A
35%
23
Q
Four ecosystem services provided by hotspots
A
- Climate stability
- Nutrient recycling and storage
- Pollution breakdown and absorption
- Protection of water resources
24
Q
What are the 10 most threatened biodiversity hotspots
A
- Atlantic Forest
- Polynesia
- Cerado
- Himalaya
- Cape Floral Region
- Coastal Forest
- Mesoamerica
- Indo-Burma-Myanmar
- Philippines
- Madrean-Pine Oak Woodlands
25
What are the four countries that the Atlantic Forest covers?
1. Brazil
2. Paraguay
3. Argentina
4. Uruguay
26
How many plant species are in the Atlantic Forest?
20,000
27
How many species on Atlantic Forest are endemic
8,000 species
28
How large is the original cover of the Atlantic forest?
1.2 million square km
29
How large is the remaining cover of the Atlantic forest?
100,000 square kilometers
30
What are the three threats to the cover of Atlantic forest?
1. Coffee plantation
2. Cattle ranching
3. Urbanization
31
What are the two regions that Polynesia covers? (2)
1. Micronesia
| 2. South Pacific Ocean
32
Area of Polynesia
41,285 square km
33
What are the four biomes in Polynesia?
1. Coastal wetlands
2. Coral atolls
3. Savannas
4. TRF
34
Polynesia is famously known for being?
Epicenter of the present global extinction crisis
35
How many endemic bird species are present in Polynesia?
90
36
How many bird species in Polynesia had become extinct in 2 centuries?
25
37
Two threats to the population of bird species in Polynesia
1. Invasive species
| 2. Overhunting
38
In what country is Cerrado located?
Brazil
39
Reputation of Cerrado Brazil
Largest woodland savannah in South America
40
How many are the threatened bird species in Cerrado?
10
41
How many are the threatened endemic plant species in Cerrado?
4,400
42
3 threatened fauna species in Cerrado
1. Armadillo
2. Jaguar
3. Giant anteater
43
How large is the remaining cover of Cerrado?
450,000 square kilometers
44
2 Threats in biodiversity of Cerrado
1. Agriculture
| 2. Animal farming
45
6 Countries covered by Himalaya
1. Nepal
2. Bhutan
3. Pakistan
4. Bangladesh
5. Myanmar
6. China
46
Area of Himalaya
More than 185,427 square kilometers
47
4 Natural landscapes in Himalayas
1. Alluvial grasslands
2. Mountains
3. Subtropical broadleaf forests
4. Alpine meadows
48
Fraction of remaining natural landscapes in Himalaya
1/4
49
4 animal species that still reside in Himalaya
1. Wild water buffalo
2. Vultures
3. Tigers
4. Elephant
50
In what region is Cape Floral Region located?
South Africa
51
The reputation of the Cape Floral Region
World’s largest concentration of diverse plant species per square km
52
How many diverse plant species are in Cape Floral Region?
9,000
53
How many plant species was determined as threatened in Cape Floral Region?
1,435
54
How many plant species in the Cape Floral Region are endemic?
6,210
55
2 Important Animals in the Cape Floral Region?
1. Cape sugar-bird
| 2. Geometeric tortoise
56
In what region is the Coastal Forest located?
Eastern Africa
57
Where is the Coastal forest exactly located?
Eastern coast of Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique
58
2 Critically endangered monkey species in coastal forest?
1. Mangabey Monkey
| 2. Colobus Monkey
59
Threat to the biodiversity of the Coastal Forest?
Agricultural expansion for commercial farming and subsistence agriculture
60
How many percent is the remaining forest cover in Coastal forests?
10%
61
8 Countries covered by Mesoamerica
1. Mexico
2. Guatemala
3. Belize
4. Honduras
5. El Salvador
6. Nicaragua
7. Costa Rica
8. Panama
62
How many plant species are in Mesoamerica?
17,000
63
Mesoamerica is home to incredible numbers of endemic ___, ___, and ____
mammals, birds, amphibians
64
Mesoamerica is home to? (2 animals)
1. Howler monkey
| 2. Quetzal
65
Area of remaining forest cover of Mesoamerica
226,000 square km
66
5 Countries covered by Indo-Burma-Myanmar
1. Thailand
2. Cambodia
3. Vietnam
4. China
5. India
67
How many endemic plant species are in Indo-Burma-Myanmar?
7,000
68
Percent of remaining habitat of Indo-Burma-Myanmar
5%
69
3 Important Animals in the Indo-Burma-Myanmar?
1. Annamite striped rabbit
2. Large-antlered muntjac
3. Freshwater turtle
70
2 types of forest in Indo-Burma-Myanmar?
1. Tropical forest
| 2. Subtropical moist broadleaf forest
71
In what ocean is the Philippines located?
Pacific Ocean
72
The reputation of the Philippines in terms of biodiversity
richest areas in biodiversity globally
73
How many endemic species are in the Philippines
6,000
74
2 bird species in the Philippines with an indefinite number?
1. Philippine Eagle
| 2. Cebu flowerpecker
75
Percent remaining forest cover of the Philippines
7%
76
How large is the original forest cover of the Philippines?
30M ha
77
Where is Madrean-Pine Oak Woodlands located?
Mexico
78
Percent lost woodlands in the Madrean-Pine Oak Woodlands
80%
79
Threat to the woodland cover of Madrean-Pine Oak Woodlands?
Logging
80
How many endemic plant species are in the Madrean-Pine Oak Woodlands?
4,000
81
What is the Madrean-Pine Oak Woodlands known for?
Millions of Monarch Butterfly
82
Areas that have low species diversity but that doesn't mean they should be ignored
Cold Spots
83
Some biodiversity coldspots are home to some _____
very rare animals
84
If the aim is to conserve and protect the overall biodiversity, it is better to allow the _____ in a hotspot if this would permit the protection of the same number of species in a coldspot.
loss of some species
85
What is the cold spot of Ecuador
Montana
86
Percent biodiversity of Ecuador in Montana
12%
87
How many vertebrates are in Ecuador?
2,446 vertebrates
88
How many vascular plants are in Ecuador?
19,326
89
The protection of Montana will also have a direct impact on the neighboring national park that houses unique organisms. What is the national park?
Yellowstone National Park
90
A country that is not in the hotspot least but deserves urgent attention as it serves as a habitat for some of the most threatened animals
Kenya
91
2 Methods of Assessing Conservation Status
1. DAO 2017-11
| 2. IUCN Red List
92
When was the DAO 2017-11 published?
May 2, 2017
93
The subject of DAO 2017-11
Updated National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories
94
Refers to any species, subspecies, varieties, or infraspecific categories facing an extremely high risk of extinction
Critically-endangered species
95
One example of critically endangered species
Olea palawanensis (Palawan olive)
96
Refers to any species, subspecies, varieties, or forma that is not critically endangered but whose survival in the wild is unlikely if the causal factor continues operating.
Endangered Species
97
One example of endangered species
Kibatalia stenopetala (Pasnit-kitid)
98
Naturally existing population of a species that can be distinguished by one of more morphological features
Forma
99
Refers to any species, subspecies, varieties, and other intraspecific categories that are not critically endangered or endangered but is under threats from adverse factors throughout their range and likely to be endangered
Vulnerable species
100
One example of Vulnerable species
Brackenridgea foxworthyi (Bansilai)
101
Refers to any species, subspecies, varieties, and other intraspecific categories that are not endangered or vulnerable but is under the threat from adverse factors such as over-collection in its natural range and may likely become vulnerable in the near future
Other Endangered Species
102
One example of other endangered species
Cinnamomum mercadoi (kalingag)
103
World's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species
IUCN
104
World's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species
IUCN Red List
105
Spell Out IUCN acronym
International Union for Conservation of Nature
106
IUCN uses a set of precise criteria to evaluate the _____ of thousands of species and subspecies
extinction risk
107
2 Reasons for releasing Red Lists
1. Convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policymakers
2. Help the international community to reduce species extinction
108
2 Reasons for releasing Red Lists
1. Convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policymakers
2. Help the international community to reduce species extinction
109
4 purposes of Red List
1. Provide scientifically-based information on the status of species at a global level
2. Draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity
3. Influence national and international policy and decision-making
4. Provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity
110
How many species surveyed by the IUCN as of 2019?
105,000
111
How many species are considered at risk of extinction in the IUCN Red List because of various human activity?
28,338
112
9 IUCN categories
1. Extinct
2. Extinct in the Wild
3. Critically endangered
4. Endangered
5. Vulnerable
6. Near Threatened
7. Least Concern
8. Data deficient
9. Not evaluated
113
Three IUCN categories considered as "threatened"
1. CE
2. EN
3. VU
114
Three IUCN categories considered as "lower risk"
1. DD
2. NT
3. LC
115
3 Mountain Ecosystems to Compare in Exercise 8
1. Mt Iglit-Baco Natural Park
2. Mt. Iraya
3. Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary
116
Where is Mt Iglit-Baco Natural Park located?
Sablayan, Mindoro
117
Where is Mt. Iraya located?
Batanes Island
118
Where is Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary located?
Northwest of Mindoro
119
Endemic species in Mt. Iglit-Baco
Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis)
120
Inactive volcano in Batanes Island
Mt. Iraya
121
Mt. Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary forms the ___ extremity of Mindoro
northwestern
