Ecosystems diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Biological community where organisms interact with its immediate environment

A

Ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Synonym of Ecosystem

A

Nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All the living organisms, such as plants, animals, bacteria, fungi

A

Biotic Components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Physical features like soil type, water conditions, topography, temperature, rainfall

A

Abiotic components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Interactions of biotic and abiotic can flourish only if there is ___ and ____ inside the ecosystem

A

stability, balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Often easier to catalog due to the availability of tools and instruments (e.g.rain gauge, thermometers, soil chemistry measuring kits, etc.)

A

Abiotic components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Often more complex, and require careful observations of individual organism, populations, communities of species, their interactions

A

Biotic components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ecosystem is an ___ concept

A

abstract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

There are no ____ among ecosystems

A

discrete boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

There is no _____ of how many ecosystems are there in the biosphere

A

basis of counting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 Schools of Ecology

A
  1. Individualistic

2. Holistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transition area between two biological communities

A

Ecotone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Meaning of ecotones based on etymology

A

a place where ecologies are in tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Greek word for tension

A

tonos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ecotones define the ____ between ecosystem

A

boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In individualistic school of ecology, ____ individuals spread

A

most fitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Communities appear to be divided by a narrow transition area only when the environmental gradient is ___

A

abrupt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Organisms tend to cram in a very narrow gradient making them appear as if they are _____ (population living in the same place)

A

sympatric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A statistical technique in individualistic school of ecology in which data from a large number of sites or populations are represented as points in a two- or three-dimensional coordinate frame

A

Ordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Process of identifying and describing discrete vegetation units (entities) in holistic school of ecology

A

Entitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In ordination, observations from field samples precede ______ for that particular area

A

classification of vegetation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Entitation precedes _____

A

field sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Approach that works inductively

A

Individualistic approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Approach that work deductively

A

Holistic approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Ecosystem diversity is an expression of the interrelationships between ____ and their ____, fundamental to which is the continual transfer of energy and chemicals between the ____ and ____ component parts
Organisms, environment, organic, inorganic
26
Variety of ecosystems or habitats in a region
Ecosystem or ecological diversity
27
Large collection of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat
Biomes
28
7 Natural Terrestrial Ecosystems in the World
1. TRF in humid tropics 2. Semi-arid 3. Grasslands 4. Tundra 5. Savannah 6. TDF in humid tropics 7. Temperate Coniferous Forest
29
5 Philippine Biomes and Formation
1. Mixed Dipterocarp forests 2. Mangrove forests 3. Deciduous Molave forest 4. Semi-evergreeen dipterocarp forest 5. Beach forest
30
2 ways of defining ecosystems diversity
1. Number of different species assemblages | 2. Number of habitats
31
Ecosystem diversity is referenced to _____ from landscape up to region
spatial scales
32
Two units of nature
1. Functional | 2. Compositional
33
Include the biogeographical regions of the world at a large scale analysis, and different vegetation associations at a fine scale.
Compositional
34
Include biomes or ecoregions scheme which can be more finely subdivided based on the physiognomy of the grounds
Functional
35
Relates the distribution of major ecosystem types to gradients of annual precipitation and energy regime.
Life Zone classification
36
What is the major driver of formation of different ecosytems?
Evolution
37
Major driver of evolution
Mutation
38
Refers to the reciprocal evolution of two species that have close ecological relationships but do not exchange genes in the process
Co-evolution
39
3 Kinds of Co-evolution
1. Predation 2. Herbivory 3. Pollination
40
The hawk moth uses its long, specially adapted proboscis to pollinate the Madagascar star orchid. What is the scientific name of hawk moth and Madagascar star orchid?
``` Hawk moth (Xanthopan morganii) Madagascar star orchid (Angraecum sesquipedale) ```
41
Similar adaptations may be produced independently by unrelated organisms, usually in response to similar environmental conditions
Convergent evolution
42
True or False. Similar habitats always lead to convergent evolution
False
43
Examples of convergent evolution
1. Bats and birds | 2. Placental vs. Marsupial animals
44
2 Families that are adapted to desert
1. Cactaceae | 2. Euphorbiaceae
45
Adaptation of cacti and euphors
Succulence
46
____ in Cacti and _____ in Euphorbs have been reduced to ____ to conserve water by reducing surface area compared to broad or flat leaves
Leaves, stipules, spines
47
Euphorb vs Cactus spine
Euphorbs: in pairs Cactus: in groups of three or more
48
In order to survive in any type of environment, an organism must develop ____ to ensure their survival and continue their generation!
adaptations
49
6 Constraints of a Terrestrial Environment
1. Obtaining and transporting water 2. Acquiring and transporting nutrients 3. Exploiting an energy source 4. Providing structural support for plant body 5. Mechanism of reproduction 6. Dispersal
50
Adaptation of plants to conserve water
Restricting plant growth to limited habitats under very specialized conditions
51
3 plant adaptations to obtain light energy
1. Tendrils 2. Leaf holes 3. Broadleaf
52
3 Adaptations for structural support
1. Upright stem 2. Tendrils 3. Prop/stilt roots
53
Mechanism of reproduction among angiosperms
Double fertilization
54
3 Dispersal mechanisms
1. Wings to catch wind 2. Fruit to attract animals 3. Barbs with which to stick to
55
For more accurate ecosystem diversity assessment, vegetation scientists developed schemes that combine both ____ and ____ information
physiognomic, floristic
56
5 Environmental conditions in a desert
1. Less than 25 cm of rain per year 2. Rainfall occurs in short periods and often in enormous downpours 3. Characterized by high-pressure zones and high temperatures, but nighttime temperatures can be much lower. 4. Due to limited vegetative cover, there is little water vapor in the atmosphere to prevent radiation of heat at night. 5. Due to global air circulation, rain is forced to fall before it enters the desert biomes.
57
Location of deserts
30 degrees north and south of the equator
58
5 Plant Adaptations to Water Supply in the Desert
1. Succulent tissues 2. Shallow rooted 3. Perennials: Very deep roots to reach very low water table 4. Perennials: Massive water storing roots 5. Spherical shape to minimize evaporation
59
4 Plant Adaptations to Sunlight (Desert)
1. CAM metabolism to avoid excessive water loss during the day 2. C4 photosynthesis 3. CO2 stored in vacuoles 4. Stomatal opening during the night
60
How many families of plants possess CAM metabolism?
18
61
Give examples of families with CAM metabolism
1. Crassulaceae 2. Euphorbiaceae 3. Cactaceae 4. Asteraceae 5. Asclepiadaceae 6. Vitaceae 7. Orchidaceae 8. Bromeliaceae
62
4 Defense mechanisms against herbivory (desert)
1. Spines 2. Toxic substances in leaves 3. Mimicry 4. Noticeable flowers for pollinators
63
7 Environmental conditions in a rainforest
1. Warm temperatures 2. High rainfall (200-400 cm/yr) 3. Fairly constant temperatures 4. Nutrient-poor soils 5. Very low light intensity (less than 1% penetrate the forest floor) 6. Canopy layer (where most of the diversity exists) is subject to intense sunlight and wind. 7. Diverse life forms but are vulnerable to overexploitation
64
2 Plant Adaptations to Excess Water Supply in Rainforests
1. Drip tips to prevent buildup of water | 2. Highly divided leaves
65
Plant Adaptations to Limited Sunlight in Rainforests
1. Tendrils 2. Thin bark 3. Specialize cells to focus light on leaf interior
66
Defense mechanism of plants against herbivory in TRF
1. Toxins 2. Thick and tough leaves 3. Fungicidal properties 4. Hard and dense wood 5. Oval leaves with drip tip
67
Enumerate the 9 Stations
``` Desert 1: Herbivory defense mechanism 2: Light tolerance mechanism 3: Water loss 4: Convergent evolution 5: Mutualism TRF 6: Allelochemical defense mechanisms 7: Commercial/Economic Importance 8: Accessing Light 9: Water tolerance ```
68
Where is the sphagnum located in Bryophytes
ground
69
How much does bryophytes cover in the Earth's surface
1%
70
How much carbon do bryophytes in high latitudes sequester?
30%
71
What is the effect of climate change in the sphagnum of bryophytes?
Increasing decomposition rate causing a release of CO2 in the atmosphere
72
Pteridophytes are primitive vascular plants that are intermediate between ____ and ____.
bryophytes, ferns
73
Two oldest plants found in the fossil record and whose decay is responsible for the oil reserves we use today
1. Equisetum | 2. Mares tails
74
Club mosses that looks like hanging plant flurry in branches
Lycopodium
75
Naked seed (cone-bearing) w/ pollen, seed can avoid desiccation.
Gymnosperms
76
Bear pollen as a reward for pollination, have fruiting seeds
Angiosperms
77
2 Types of Angiosperms
1. Monocots | 2. Dicots
78
How many species of angiosperms?
235,000 species
79
4 examples of Gymnosperms
1. Norfolk Island Pine 2. Gnetum gnemon 3. Cycad cones 4. Ginko
80
Species of cone-bearing trees
Gnetum gnemon
81
Species that grows in the ground and suffers from overcollection
Cycads
82
Species that have fan-shaped leaves with cones growing on the ground. Also, they are dioecious
Ginko