Colibacillosis and Streptococcosis

Question 1

The causative agent of Colibacillosis

Answer 1

Escherichia coli

Question 2

Colibacillosis can manifest as an acute fatal _______

Answer 2

Septicemia

Question 3

Subacute forms of Colibacillosis can include:
a) Encephalomalacia
b) Airsacculitis
c) Pancreatitis
d) Myositis

Answer 3

Airsacculitis

Question 4

Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strains are commonly of the O1, O2, and which other serogroup?

Answer 4

O78

Question 5

A significant characteristic of APEC isolates

Answer 5

Considerable diversity of serogroups

Question 6

APEC are generally considered:
a) Highly toxigenic and invasive
b) Nontoxigenic and poorly invasive
c) Strongly hemolytic and motile
d) Anaerobic and spore-forming

Answer 6

Nontoxigenic and poorly invasive

Question 7

Large numbers of E. coli are maintained in poultry houses through

Answer 7

Fecal contamination

Question 8

Systemic infection with APEC often involves predisposing ___________

Answer 8

Environmental factors or infectious causes

Question 9

Systemic infection occurs when APEC gain access to the bloodstream from the _______

Answer 9

Respiratory tract or intestine

Question 10

Young birds dying of acute septicemia due to Colibacillosis often have?

Answer 10

Few lesions except for an enlarged, hyperemic liver and spleen

Question 11

Birds surviving colibacillosis
septicemia may develop subacute ________

Answer 11

Fibrinopurulent airsacculitis
Pericarditis
Perihepatitis
Lymphocytic depletion of bursa & thymus

Question 12

A classic lesion of Colibacillosis

Answer 12

Fibrinopurulent airsacculitis

Question 13

Isolation of a pure culture of E. coli from which sites in a fresh carcass indicates primary or secondary Colibacillosis?

Answer 13

Heart blood, liver, or typical visceral lesions

Question 14

Gross lesions in chicken embryos inoculated with virulent E. coli include:

Answer 14

Cranial and skin hemorrhages

Question 15

A high percentage of E. coli isolates from Colibacillosis are resistant to

Answer 15

Tetracyclines, streptomycin, and sulfa drugs

Question 16

The use of which class of antibiotics is now banned in many countries, including the USA, for poultry?

Answer 16

Fluoroquinolones

Question 17

Commercial bacterins against E. coli are administered to?

Answer 17

Breeder hens or chicks

Question 18

Name at least three predisposing factors that may precede Colibacillosis

Answer 18

Mycoplasmosis
Infectious bronchitis
Poor air quality

(Other possible answers: Newcastle disease, hemorrhagic enteritis, turkey bordetellosis, other environmental stresses)

Question 19

Streptococcosis can occur in which two main forms?

Answer 19

Acute septicemic and chronic

Question 20

Streptococci are considered part of the normal flora of the

Answer 20

Intestinal mucosa

Question 21

Common Streptococcus species associated with disease in avian species include:
a) S. aureus
b) S. pneumoniae
c) S. zooepidemicus
d) S. typhi

Answer 21

S. zooepidemicus

Question 22

Transmission of Streptococci can occur via

Answer 22

Oral or aerosol routes as well as through skin injuries

Question 23

In S. zooepidemicus infections, clinical signs are typical of an acute ______

Answer 23

Septicemic infection

Question 24

Lesions in the acute septicemic form of Streptococcosis

Answer 24

Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and enlarged kidneys

Question 25

Bloodstained feathers around the mouth and head in Streptococcosis have been reported occasionally due to blood from the _______

Answer 25

Oral cavity

Question 26

Chronic streptococcal infections can result in ____________

Answer 26

Arthritis and/or tenosynovitis

Question 27

Focal granulomas in Streptococcosis are a result of ______

Answer 27

Septic emboli

Question 28

The response to antibiotic treatment for Streptococcosis is best when administered ________

Answer 28

Early in the course of the infection

Question 29

To control Streptococcosis, it is important to prevent _______

Answer 29

Immunosuppressive diseases and conditions

Question 30

The development of systemic Colibacillosis often requires __________

Answer 30

A combination of APEC with virulence factors and predisposing factors

Question 31

In acute septicemia caused by E. coli, the liver typically appears _________

Answer 31

Enlarged and hyperemic

Question 32

Sporadic lesions of Colibacillosis can include infection of the ___________

Answer 32

Pancreas

Question 33

Inoculation of the allantoic sac of chicken embryos with virulent E. coli can also result in:

Answer 33

Encephalomalacia (softening of brain tissue)

Question 34

Name at least three virulence factors associated with Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC)

Answer 34

Possession of large virulence plasmids Ability to resist phagocytosis Ability to acquire iron in low iron conditions (Other possible answer: ability to adhere to host structures, ability to resist serum killing)

Question 35

Which Streptococcus species is commonly associated with disease in avian species?

Answer 35

S. gallinarum

Question 36

Endocarditis in the subacute or chronic stage of Streptococcosis affects the _________

Answer 36

Inner lining of the heart and heart valves

Question 37

Lameness during the subacute or chronic stage of Streptococcosis is often associated with _________

Answer 37

Joint infections (arthritis)

Question 38

In pigeons with S. bovis infection, a prominent clinical sign is: a) Head tremors b) Inability to fly c) Feather picking d) Increased vocalization

Answer 38

Inability to fly

Question 39

The fluid in the subcutaneous space and pericardium in acute septicemic Streptococcosis is often ____________

Answer 39

Serosanguineous (containing serum and blood)

Question 40

Cellulitis associated with S. dysgalactiae involves the _________---

Answer 40

Skin and subcutaneous tissues

Question 41

Name at least three Streptococcus species commonly associated with disease in avian species

Answer 41

S. zooepidemicus (S. gallinarum) S. bovis S. dysgalactiae (Other possible answers: S. gallinaceus, S. mutans)

Question 42

Name at least three lesions associated with the acute septicemic form of Streptococcosis

Answer 42

Splenomegaly Hepatomegaly Enlarged kidneys (Other possible answer: serosanguineous fluid in subcutaneous space/pericardium, bloodstained feathers around mouth/head)

Question 43

**Streptococcal acute infections often present as septicemia, while chronic forms involve localized conditions like?

Answer 43

like arthritis or endocarditis

Question 44

**Which Streptococcal species affect pigeons which results in acute death with symptoms such as lameness, diarrhea, and inappetence?

Answer 44

S. gallolyticus

Question 45

**Which Streptococcus species is often associated with acute septicemia?

Answer 45

S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus

Question 46

**Layers affected with Streptococcal infection may have 15% drop in egg production. What are the other clinical signs present?

Answer 46

Lethargy Prostration Acute fibrinopurulent conjunctivitis

Question 47

**Name at least 3 lesions seen in acute streptococcosis

Answer 47

Splenomegaly Hepatomegaly with necrotic foci Enlarged kidneys

Question 48

**Name at least 3 lesions seen in chronic streptococcal infection

Answer 48

* Arthritis or tenosynovitis * Osteomyelitis * Valvular endocarditis with raised lesions * Focal granulomas in various tissues

Question 49

**Which antimicrobials are effective for acute and subacute Streptococcosis?

Answer 49

erythromycin and chlortetracycline

Question 50

Causative agent of colibacillosis

Answer 50

Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)

Question 51

has been identified as an important virulence determinant of APEC that inhibit phagocytosis

Answer 51

O1 carbohydrate capsule

Question 52

What species are mostly affected by Colibacillosis?

Answer 52

Commercial chicken Turkey, Duck flocks

Question 53

Incubation period of APEC in experimental infection

Answer 53

1-3 days

Question 54

In the field, it is more common to see Colisepticemia _______ days after infection with a predisposing agent such as infectious bronchitis virus in chickens or hemorrhagic enteritis virus in turkeys.

Answer 54

5-7 days

Question 55

Name 2 carriers of E. coli causing Colibacillosis

Answer 55

Alphitobius diaperinus Musca domestica