Collecting Data

Question 1

Numerical Value

Answer 1

range of numerical values, average, sum, and difference

Question 2

Discrete

Answer 2

numeric values with jumps and it is finite (has a limit)

Question 3

Ordinal variable

Answer 3

categorical value with natural ordering

Question 3

Nominal variable

Answer 3

categorical variable without natural ordering

Question 3

Associated/Dependent variable

Answer 3

2 variables show connection with each other

Question 3

Independent variables

Answer 3

2 variables are not associated

Question 3

Continous

Answer 3

all values within a range are possible

Question 3

Explanatory Variable

Answer 3

variable is used to predict/ explain differences in another variable; also called a factor (has levels like yes/no or low/medium/high)

Question 3

Response Variable

Answer 3

variable is predicted and explained by the explanatory variable; outcome/results

Question 3

Sample

Answer 3

subset of cases and often a fraction of the population

Question 3

Variable

Answer 3

characteristic measured for each individual/case

Question 3

Anecdotal evidence

Answer 3

data collected in a haphazard fashion

Question 3

Observational Study

Answer 3

collecting data without interfering with how the data arises

Question 4

Cohort

Answer 4

group of subjects are share a defining characteristic

Question 4

Randomized Experiment

Answer 4

individuals are randomly assigned to a group

Question 5

Placebo

Answer 5

fake treatment

Question 6

Control group

Answer 6

a group that has no effect on it; used to compare with treatment groups and has no independent variable affecting it

Question 7

Treatment group

Answer 7

a group that is affected by the independent variable(s); experimental group

Question 8

Confounding/Lurking variable

Answer 8

one missing important piece of info

Question 9

Prospective Study

Answer 9

identifies individuals and collects info as events unfold

Question 10

Retrospective Study

Answer 10

collects data after events have taken place

Question 11

Undercoverage bias

Answer 11

occurs when some individuals of the population are inherently less likely to be included in the sample than others

Question 12

Simple random sample

Answer 12

each case in the population has an equal chance of being included and no implied connection between cases in the sample

Question 13

Convenience sample

Answer 13

individuals who are easily accessible are more likely to be included in the sample

Question 14

Volunteer sample

Answer 14

people's responses are solicited and those who choose to participate, respond

Question 15

Systematic random sample

Answer 15

choosing from population using random starting point and then selecting members according to a fixed, periodic interval

Question 16

Stratified random sample

Answer 16

randomly sampling from every strata (population divided into groups); strata should correspond to a variable thought to be associated with the variable of interest; individual strata should be homogeneous

Question 17

Cluster random sample

Answer 17

randomly selecting a set of clusters/groups and then collecting data on all individuals in the selected clusters; individual clusters should be heterogeneous

Question 18

Multistage sampling or Multistage cluster sampling

Answer 18

2 or more step strategy

Question 19

Blind/Single blind

Answer 19

keeping subjects uninformed about their treatment

Question 20

Placebo effect

Answer 20

placebo results in a slight but real improvement in subjects

Question 21

Direct control

Answer 21

variables are controlled and any other differences in the groups; making groups identical as possible except for the treatment group

Question 22

Randomization

Answer 22

subjects are randomized and put into treatment groups to account for variables that are not controlled

Question 23

Replication

Answer 23

replicating the experiment multiple times to get accurate results; gives more data and decreases the likelihood that treatment groups differ on some characteristics due to chance alone

Question 24

Completely randomized experiment

Answer 24

subjects are randomly assigned to different treatment groups

Question 25

Blocked experiment

Answer 25

subjects are first separated by variable (thought to affect response variable) into blocks; each block has subjects randomly assigned to treatment groups

Question 26

Matched pairs experiment

Answer 26

pairs of subjects are matched on as many variables as possible so that the comparison happens between very similar cases