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Collection Of Data (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is quantatative data

A

Numerical data

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2
Q

What is Qualitative data

A

Non numerical data

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3
Q

What is continuous data

A

Takes a value on a continuous scale (e.g.mass and length - both can be in decimals)

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4
Q

What is discrete data

A

Takes particular (whole number) values on a continuous numerical scale

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5
Q

What is raw data

A

Data that is just as collected - not grouped or rounded

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6
Q

What is categorical data

A

Data which can be sorted into non overlapping catergories

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7
Q

What is ordinal data

A

Data that can be written in order or given a numerical rating scale

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8
Q

What is bivariate data

A

Involving pairs of related data

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9
Q

What is multivariate data

A

Involves sets of three or more related data values

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10
Q

What are class intervals

A

Groups that do not overlap in which data can be grouped.

1-10
11-20
21-30

Intervals do not need to be equal widths, use narrower intervals when the data is close together and wider intervals when the data is spread out

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11
Q

Why do you need to be careful choosing intervals

A

The data trends can be obscured

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12
Q

What are the class intervals like in continuous data

A

The class intervals must not have gaps
Say the interval was 0-5 6-10 where would 5.5 go.

For continuous data use < and <=

E.g

0<t<=10
10<t<= 20

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13
Q

When given a rounded number what are the possible decimals values of that number, between

A

E.g 230

229.5<=x<230.5

A measurement given correct to the nearest whole unit can be inaccurate to 0.5

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14
Q

What is primary data

A

Data collected by or for the person who is going to use it

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15
Q

What is secondary data

A

Data collected by someone else

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16
Q

What is the population

A

Everything / everybody in a group that you are investigating

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17
Q

What is a census

A

A survey / investigation with data taken from every member of a population

(The national census is data taken from every member of the uk)

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18
Q

What is a sample

A

Information about part of a population - to avoid bias it should represent the characteristics of the population

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19
Q

Avantages and disadvantages of primary data

A

Advantages
The collection method is known
Accuracy is known
Can find answers to very specific questions

Disadvanyage

Time consiming to collect
Expensive to collect

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20
Q

Avantages and disadvantages of secondary data

A

Advantages

Easy to obtain
Cheap to obtain
Data from some organisations (e.g office of national statistics) is more reliable

Disadvantages

Method of data collection unknown
Data might be out of date
May contain mistakes
May come from an unreliable source
May be difficult to find answers to specific questions

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21
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of a Census

A

Advantages

Unbiased
Accurate
Takes whole population into account

Disadvantages

Tine-consuming
Expensive
Difficult to ensure the whole population is used
Lots of data to handle

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22
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of a sample

A

Advantages

Cheaper
Less time consuming
Less data to be considered

Disadvantages

Not completely representative
May be biased

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23
Q

What are sampling units

A

The people or items that will be sampled

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24
Q

What is the sampling frames

A

List of all sampling units

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25
What is the Petersen capture recapture formula
N=Mn/m N= the population M= members of the population tagged / marked n = new capture size (after time waited) m= The number that are marked - from that capture size
26
What is the Petersen capture recapture formula used for
Estimating the size of a population E.g small insect populations that would be impossible to count
27
What assumptions do we make when using the capture recapture formula
The population hasnt changed (no members have left the population or joined)(born/died) The probability of being caught is equal for all individuals The marks/tags are not lost and are easily recogniseable The sample size is large enough to represent the population
28
What is a random sample
A method of sampling where every member of a population has an equal chance of being included It is unbiased
29
How can we take a random sample
Number each piece of data then select the numbered items by: Using a random number table Using a random number generator/calculator Using a computer or apl to generate random numbers Putting the numbers in a hat and taking them out Rolling fair sets of 10-sided dice
30
Advantages of random sampling
More likely to represent the population (if large enough) Choice of members of sample is unbiased
31
Disadvantages of random sampling
Needs a full list of the whole population Needs a large sample size
32
What is judgement sampling
Use your judgement to select a sample representative of the population
33
What is opportunity sampling
Using people or objects available at the time
34
What is cluster sampling
Use when data naturally splits into groups (E.g geographical areas) The list of clusters is the sampling frame and some clusters are randomly selected from the list to make the sample
35
What is systematic sampling
Choose a starting point in your sampling frame at random Then choose items at regular intervals - e.g every 10th person (after the one you choose)(random number generators can be used to choose your starting position)
36
What is quota sampling
Group the population by characteristics Interview a quota (number) from each group
37
What is stratified sampling
Putting the members of each stratum (group) in proportion to the size of that stratum The sample is selected randomly E.g Year. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 Students 250. 250. 200. 150. 150. Total students = 1000 Divide each group (strata) by the total then multiply by the sample size you want (e.g 60)
38
What is the explanatory / independent variable
The variable that isnt change by others It is the variable you change
39
What is the response / dependent variable
The variable that you are measuring
40
What are extraneous / control variables
The variables you control in an experiment
41
What type of experiments are used to collect data
Laboratory experiments - conducted in a controlled environment (not necessarily a laboratory). Field experiments - Experiments carried out in a test subjects everyday environment. A researcher sets up the situation with some control variables Natural experiments - Carried out in the test subjects everyday environment, the researcher has no control over the variables
42
What are the advantages and disadvantages of laboratory experiments
A: Easy to replicate You can control extraneous variables D: Test subjects may behave differently (in test conditions) to how they would normally
43
What are the advantages and disadvantages of field experiments
A: More likely to reflect real life behaviour D: Cant control extraneous variables
44
What are the advantages and disadvantages of natural experiments
A: Most likely to effect real life behaviour D: Cant control any variables Hard to replicate
45
How can you show your data is valid / reliable
By repeating it and getting similar data values
46
How can simulation be used
It is used to model random real life events, to help predict what could actually happen It is easier and cheaper than collecting / analysing real data.
47
What is a questionaire
A set of questions designed to obtain data
48
What is a respondent
The person completing a questionnaire
49
What is an open question
A question with no suggested answers
50
What is a closed question
A closed question has a set of answers
51
What is one problem with open questions
Every respondent could give a different answer making data analysis harder
52
How should you structure a questionnaire
Keep answers short with simple language Avoid biased or leading questions (questions that suggest an answer) Give intervals that do not overlap (1-10 11-20) Make sure options cover all possibilities (never / i dont know / 0) Include a time frame in the question Avoid questions that will be answered not honestly
53
Advantages and disadvantages of using interviews to collect primary data
A: Interviewers can explain questions. Interviewers can put people at ease when answering personal questions. Respondents can explain answers. High response rate. D: May be less honest / less likely to answer personal questions Can take a long time / more expensive Smaller sample size Interviewers may have bias Respondent may try to impress the interviewer (choose the 'right' answers
54
Advantages and disadvantages of using annonymas questionaires to collect primary data
A: Respondents more likely to answer truthfully / answer personal questions. Questionaire are quick / cheap (all respondents can complete them at the same time) Easy to send questionairs to a large representative sample No interviewer bias D: Respondents may not understand questions Researchers may not understand answers Lower response rate - some people may never answer
55
How can you remove bias from your response rate
By using a random response method (uses a random response) E.g flipping a coin. If heads answer yes If tails answer truthfully The survey results can then be used to calculate an estimate of the proportion who answers yes (when landing on tails)
56
Estimate the proportion of people who have shop lifted Flip a coin - heads answer yes Tails - answer truthfully 820 answered yes 730 answered No
Find total population 820 + 730 = 1550 Estimate the number of heads (50% chance for heads or tails) 0.5 × 1550 = 775 Estimate for truthful yes answers : Subtract estimated heads from number who said yes 820-775 = 45 Estimate proportion of people who have shopplifted (Divide truthfull yes answerd by number who answered truthfully) 45/775 = 0.05808
57
What is a control group
This group has no changes to it E.g give one group treatment and see how they improve, give another group no treatment and see how they improve
58
What is a matched pair
Two people from two different groups in your test. These people have everything in common except the factor being studied
59
What is a hypothesis
An idea you test by collecting information and analysing data
60
What 8 factors do you need to consider when planning an investigation
Time - how long will the investigation last / take to set up Cost - how much will it cost to set up / carry out the investigation Ethical issues - no participant should be harmed / respect peoples rights Convenience - can you easily get the data locally How to select your population / sample - identify the population you are interested in How to deal with non response - how many responses do you need? (Questionnaires send out more than they need back) How to deal with unexpected results - what do you do about anomalies
61
Advantages / disadvantages of judgement sampling
A: Its cheap and convenient Requires little planning D: May not be representative Can lead to skewed data Heavily biased
62
Advantages / disadvantages of quota sampling
A: Cheaper as less respondents are required Diverse data from multiple groups of a population (e.g different ages) D: There can be bias in the selection process
63
Advantages / disadvantages of stratafied sampling
A: allows for more accurate unbiased data (you do not select what you are sampling) Allows you to collect more diverse data (from multiple populations) D: The selection of appropriate strata may be complicated Requires more planning and effort to set up compared to others
64
Advantages / disadvantages of cluster sampling
A: significantly easier and more time efficient than other methods D: an individual cluster (group) tend to have similar ideas, which may cause your answer to be inaccurate or biased
65
Advantages / disadvantages of opportunity sampling
A: it is easy and convenient, requiring almost no planning time Due to its simplicity data can be collected quickly D: As you are choosing who to interview there will be a large amount of bias The sample might not be representative of the population due to the people you are choosing
66
Advantages / disadvantages of systematic sampling
A: Simple and quick Samples are evenly distributed Less opportunity for manipulated data D: Possibility of unequal selection Risk of bias Requires the whole population size
67
What is a pilot study
A small scale study, conducted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness, duration and feasibility of your study before starting your full scale research product
68
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a pilot study
A: Helps you resolve any problems in your study, E.g some people may not understand a question D: Time consuming, and can be expensive (reduces the amount you can spend on your actual study)

Statistics (8 decks)

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