College 2 Synaptic transmission and memory

Question 1

Serotenergic system

Answer 1

Regulates wakefullness, is important for mood regulation
Related to 
- anxiety
- depression
- OCD
- tics
- schizofrenia
- sleep apnea
- SIDS

Raphé nuclei
plaatje met de paarse pijlen

Question 2

Cholinergic system (acetylcholine)

Answer 2

• regulates normal waking behavior
• attention and memory
  related to Alzheimers
  Midbrain nuclei
• forebrain
• frontal cortex
• corpus callosum

Plaatje met de rode pijlen

Question 3

Norepinephrine system (noradrenergic)

Answer 3

Has a role in learning by stimulating neurons to fire faster or even change their structure
Regulates arousal, alertness and emotion

Linked to ADHD
Thalamus, cerebellum, forebrain & cortex
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Question 4

Dopaminergic system

Answer 4

Basal ganglia
Two different pathways
Nigrostratial path (orange)
 - coordinating movement
 - Parkinsons
Mesolimbic path (purple)
 - involved in reward, learninng and addicition
 - enhances response to environmental stimuli, motivation and focussing attention

Question 5

Action Potential

Answer 5

• short lastin event
  travels down the axon
• the electrical membrane of a cell rapidly rises and falls
  resting potential is -70Mv
• the force stays the same but frequency and speed can change
• functions on a YES/NO principle –> there is or is not an action potential

Depolarise, Repolarise and Hyperpolarise

Question 6

Depolarisation

Answer 6

Positive change in the resting potential

-70Mv –> -65Mv

Question 7

Repolarisation

Answer 7

Negative change in the potential

-65 –> -70Mv

Question 8

Hyperpolarisation

Answer 8

Brings it back to the resting potential

back to -70Mv

Question 9

Electrical signals

Answer 9

-70Mv
Excitatory signal –> less negative -70 to -65
Inhibitory signal –> more negative -65 to -70

Question 10

Chemical synaps

Answer 10

Juction where messenger molecules (neurotransmitter) are released from one neuron to the excite or inhibit an other neuron

Question 11

Neurotransmitter

Answer 11

Messenger molecule
Chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an electrical excitatory or inhibatory effect
outside of CNS in the bloodstream –> hormone

Question 12

Hormones

Answer 12

Have distant targets

- their actions are much slower than neurotransmitters

Question 13

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 13

Tiny gaps in Myelin sheets

serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses

Question 14

Myelin

Answer 14

White matter produced by GLIAL CELLS (swam cells)

- speeds up the neural impuls

Question 15

Summation of inputs

Answer 15

EPSP (EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL) & IPSP are summed ( they can cancel each other out )
two different kinds of summation
TEMPORAL SUMMATION:
pulses that occur at approximately the same time are summed
SPATIAL SUMMATION:
pulses that occur at approximately the same location on a membrane are summed

Question 16

Microtubule

Answer 16

Transport structure that carries substances to the axon terminal

Question 17

Storage granule

Answer 17

Large compartment that holds synaptic cesicle

Question 18

Synaptic cleft

Answer 18

Small space separating presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic dendretic spine

Question 19

Post synaptic membrane

Answer 19

Contains receptor molecules that receive chemical messages

Question 20

Pre synaptic membrane

Answer 20

Encloses molecules that transmit chemicle messages

Question 21

Synaptic vesicle

Answer 21

Round granule that contains neurotransmitter

Fixed number of neurotransmitters inside (quotum)

Question 22

Postsynaptic receptor

Answer 22

Site to which a neurotransmitter molecule binds

Question 23

Mitochondrion

Answer 23

Organelle that provides the cell with energy

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Question 24

4 steps of neurotransmission

Answer 24

1. SYNTHESIZED and stored in the axon terminal
2. Transported to the presynaptic membrane and RELEASED in response to an action potential (exocytosis)
3. Able to ACTIVATE receptors on the target-cell located on the postsynaptic membrane
4. INCTIVATION reuptake back into terminal OR inactivated by enzymes in sybaptic cleft

Question 25

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 25

Hyperpolarise the postsynaptic membrane and thereby DECREASING the likelihood of an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

Question 26

Excitatory neurotranmission

Answer 26

Depolarise (make less negative) the postsynaptic membrane and thereby INCREASING the likelyhood of an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

Question 27

GABA

Answer 27

Main INHIBITATORY transmitter relieves anxiety and pain ALCOHOL is GABA agonist

Question 28

Glutamate

Answer 28

Main EXCITATORY transmitter involved in many processes | including learning

Question 29

Aminoacid neurotransmitters

Answer 29

``` Devided into two GLUTAMATE & GABA - quick acting - work horses of the brain - only active in the brain - interact with each other to obtain balance ```

Question 30

Amine neurotransmitter

Answer 30

DOPAMINE, NOREPINEPHRINE, SEROTONINE, ACETYLCHOLINE 1. common function: slowing down or speeding up transmission 2. produced in brainstem, CNS and brain (cortex, limbic system and basal ganglia) 3. influenced by diet

Question 31

Neurotransmitters ANS

Answer 31

Cholinergic --> acetylcholine Sympathetic excitation, fight or flight Parasympathetic inhibition, rest and digest Nerepinephrine --> fight or flight

Question 32

Neurotransmitters SNS

Answer 32

Motorneurons: cholinergic Neurons: acetylcholine

Question 33

Peptides

Answer 33

Larger, slower action, active throughout body compared to aminoacid neurotransmitters (GABA and Glutamate) OPIODS, INSULIN, OXYTOCIN - stress - birth, lactation and grooming - mother infant bond - attachment - pleasure, pain - decrease anxiety

Question 34

Learning

Answer 34

Relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience

Question 35

Hebbs law

Answer 35

experience and repitition of cell A and B axciting WHAT FIRES TOGETHER WIRES TOGETHER efficiency = increased

Question 36

Habituation

Answer 36

Response to stimulus weakens with repeated presentation of the stimulus Less calcium --> less neurotransmitters --> less depolarisation

Question 37

Sensitization

Answer 37

Hyper responsiveness to a stimulus | antidepressants

Question 38

Classes of neurotransmitters

Answer 38

small molecule - peptide transmitters - lipid transmitters - gaseaous transmitters - ion transmitters

Question 39

Renshaw loop

Answer 39

feedback circuit enables motor neuron to inhibit itself from over excitation

Question 40

Parkinsons

Answer 40

Disorder of the motor system Substantia nigra: degenerates Level of dopamine: less than 10% of normal in basal ganglia

Question 41

Vagus Nerve

Answer 41

Cranial nerve from the brain to the heart

Question 42

Epinephrine (epi)

Answer 42

Adrenaline chemical, neurotransmitter, CNS mobalize body for fight or flight produced by adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys

Question 43

Metobotropic receptor

Answer 43

Indirect | Slow changein the neuron through a chain of actions from the stimulation of the receptor

Question 44

Ionotropic receptor

Answer 44

Direct | Open gate, involved in action potential as ions can change the charge of the neuron