Colon

Question 1

what cells are the mucosa of the colon made out of?

Answer 1

simple columnar epithelial cells

Question 2

Name two things absorbed in the colon

Answer 2

• water
  Inorganic ions ( sodium, potassium, chloride, vit k)

Question 3

Name 4 functions of the colon other than absorption

Answer 3

1. transportation
2. storage
3. mixing and propulsion
4. microorganisms

Question 4

Name two features of colon epithelium

Answer 4

1. crypts with goblet cells
2. lymphatic glands

Question 5

what three types of muscle are in the colon?

Answer 5

1. teania coli (longitudinal)
2. circular
3. Haustrum

Question 6

what are teniae coli?

Answer 6

longitudinal ribbons of muscle (parasympathetic nerves)

Question 7

What is the name for small pouches caused by sacculation, formed as a consequence of the teniae coli being shorter than the intestine itself

Answer 7

Haustra

Question 8

What are epipolic appendages

Answer 8

pouches of peritoneum filled with fat (colonic but not rectal)

Question 9

what are the two innervations of the colon?

Answer 9

1. enteric nervous system (myenteric + submucosal plexus)
2. Autonomic (homeostatic regulation)

Question 10

what is the reflex that occurs after eating in response to stretch receptors, neuropeptides and the enteric nervous system?

Answer 10

gastrocolic reflex

Question 13

what test can diagnose carbohydrate malabsorption?

Answer 13

breath tests

Question 13

how long after eating is the gastrocolic reflex stimulated?

Answer 13

20-40 mins

Question 13

what does the gastrocolic reflex do?

Answer 13

increase urge to defecate

Question 13

name 6 disorders of the colon

Answer 13

1. carbohydrate malabsorption
2. constipation
3. diverticular disease and diverticulitis
4. IBS
5. IBD
6. Cancer

Question 14

what are the two main types of carbohydrate malabsorption?

Answer 14

• lactose
  -fructose

Question 15

what is the amount of lactose given for testing?

Answer 15

25 grams

Question 16

how is fructose absorbed?

Answer 16

facilitative diffusion mediated by the glucose/fructose transporter

Question 17

what should ne ruled out before performing lactose and fructose breath testing?

Answer 17

bacterial overgrowth

Question 18

what is considered positive for crbohydrate maldygestion?

Answer 18

rise in >20 from baseline after 3 hours

Question 19

why does a positive malabsorption test produce hydorgen?

Answer 19

malabsorbed fructose and lactose get fermented by the colonic microbiota

Question 21

what are three symptoms of constipation?

Answer 21

1. infrequent stools
2. difficult passage
3. incomplete defaecation

Question 22

what are 5 examples of impaired colonic tranpsort function

Answer 22

1. volvulus 2. strictures 3. disorders of the enteric nervous system (Hirschsprung's) 4. colonic carcinoma 5. prolapses

Question 23

Name three neurological diseases constipation is secondary to

Answer 23

1. MS 2. Spinal cord injury 3. Parkinson's

Question 24

Name three medications consipation is secondary to

Answer 24

1. iron 2. opiates 3. anticholinergics

Question 24

Name three physiological factors constipation is secondary to

Answer 24

1. depression 2. anorexia 3. Psychosis

Question 24

what criteria are used to diagnose constipation?

Answer 24

Rome IV

Question 24

how many grades of rectal prolapse are there

Answer 24

5, oxford grading

Question 25

name a functional cause of outlet obstruction

Answer 25

dyssynergia

Question 25

define diverticula

Answer 25

Small bulges or pockets that develop in the lining of the intestine

Question 26

how is irritable bowel syndrome diagnosed?

Answer 26

clinical diagnosis (requires a good history)

Question 27

when can IBS be diagnosed?

Answer 27

after all structural and biochemical causes of intestinal dysfunction have been excluded

Question 28

example of things that need to be excluded before IBS can be diagnosed

Answer 28

1. mechanical obstruction 2. uc+c 3. malabsorption

Question 29

give three examples of IBD

Answer 29

1. ulcerative colitits 2. crohn's disease 3. chronic inflammatory conditions

Question 30

difference between Crohn's and ulcerative colitits?

Answer 30

crohns effects the whole GI tract and ulcerative colitits only effects the colon

Question 31

which IBD has a higher surgery rate?

Answer 31

crohn's

Question 32

Name three drugs that may treat IBD

Answer 32

- aminoacylates -corticosteroids immunosuppressants

Question 33

how common is colon cancer?

Answer 33

4th most common

Question 34

what is the bowel cancer screening test?

Answer 34

FIT (faecal immunochemical test)

Question 35

what will ulcerative colitis show in x-ray

Answer 35

x-ray often normal, thickening of bowel wall

Question 36

what can be used to measure gut transit time?

Answer 36

radio-opaque markers

Question 37

MRI Photography advantage

Answer 37

no ionising radiation, visualise other pelvic structures,

Question 38

x-ray proctography advantage

Answer 38

more physiological