Stomach

Question 1

What is the arterial supply of the stomach?

Answer 1

Branches of the celiac trunk

The celiac trunk supplies blood to the liver, spleen, and stomach.

Question 2

What veins are involved in the venous drainage of the stomach?

Answer 2

Hepatic portal vein and superior mesenteric vein

These veins are crucial for draining blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

Question 3

From where does the parasympathetic innervation of the stomach arise?

Answer 3

Anterior/posterior vagal trunks

The vagus nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive system.

Question 4

What spinal cord segments provide sympathetic innervation to the stomach?

Answer 4

T6-T9 spinal cord to the coeliac plexus via the splanic nerve

These segments contribute to the sympathetic nervous system’s control of gastric function.

Question 5

What is the cardia of the stomach?

Answer 5

Region surrounding the lower oesophageal sphincter

It connects the esophagus to the stomach.

Question 6

What is the primary function of the fundus of the stomach?

Answer 6

Primary storage site of the stomach

It allows for the temporary storage of food before digestion.

Question 7

Where does most gastric secretion occur in the stomach?

Answer 7

Body/corpus

The body of the stomach contains numerous gastric glands.

Question 8

What is the role of the pyloric antrum?

Answer 8

Exit region to the duodenum, where most of mixing occurs

It prepares the chyme for passage into the small intestine.

Question 9

What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the stomach?

Answer 9

Simple columnar epithelium

This epithelium includes gastric glands that secrete digestive enzymes and acids.

Question 10

What does the lamina propria contain?

Answer 10

Capillaries, ENS neurons, and immune cells

The lamina propria supports the epithelium and plays a role in immune response.

Question 11

What is the function of the muscularis mucosae?

Answer 11

Involved in keeping the mucosa ‘in flux’ to move secretions

This smooth muscle layer aids in the secretion and absorption processes.

Question 12

What is contained in the submucosa of the stomach?

Answer 12

Fibrous layer of connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, and submucosal plexus

The submucosal plexus regulates local secretion and absorption.

Question 13

What are the three muscle layers of the muscularis externa?

Answer 13

Oblique muscle, circular muscle, longitudinal muscle

These layers are involved in the mechanical digestion of food.

Question 14

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

Answer 14

Controls motility by modulating the muscle layers

The myenteric plexus coordinates peristalsis and segmentation in the stomach.

Question 15

What is the serosa?

Answer 15

Outermost layer of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum

It provides a protective layer and contains blood vessels and lymphatics.

Question 16

What triggers the process of preparing the stomach to receive food?

Answer 16

Thought, sight, taste, and smell of food

Question 17

Which parts of the brain are involved in processing sensory input related to food?

Answer 17

Hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

Question 18

What type of efferents increase parasympathetic activity in response to food sensory input?

Answer 18

Vagal efferents

Question 19

What hormone’s production is increased to promote acid secretion in the stomach?

Answer 19

Gastrin

Question 20

What cells are stimulated to promote acid secretion in the stomach?

Answer 20

Parietal cells

Question 21

What type of neurotransmitters are released to relax the fundus of the stomach?

Answer 21

Inhibitory neurotransmitters (NO/VIP)

Question 22

What effect do inhibitory neurotransmitters have on the fundus of the stomach?

Answer 22

Relaxation and increased compliance

Question 23

What is the nature of the reflex that prepares the stomach for food intake?

Answer 23

Conditioned reflex

Question 24

True or False: The conditioned reflex preparing the stomach can be inhibited when the individual has no appetite.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

what cells secrete pepsinogen?

Answer 25

cheif cells

Question 26

what hydrolyses protien to peptides?

Answer 26

pepsin

Question 27

what do chief cells secrete?

Answer 27

pepsingogen (inactive pesin precurser) gastric lipase

Question 28

role of lipase

Answer 28

splits short-chain triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 29

what do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 29

Hydrochloric acid (HCL) Interinsic factor

Question 30

HCL role

Answer 30

kills micro-organims, denatures protiens, converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Question 31

what forms a complex with B12 to allow absorption?

Answer 31

Intrinsic factor

Question 32

what do G cells relsease?

Answer 32

the hormone gastrin into the blood.

Question 33

role of gastrin

Answer 33

Activates cells with gastrin receptors, stimulates HCl and pepsinogen secretion. Contracts LOS, increases motility of stomach, relaxes pyloric and ileocecal sphincter

Question 34

What do D cells release?

Answer 34

somatostatin

Question 35

somatostatin

Answer 35

inhihbit HCL secretion

Question 36

ECL cells release?

Answer 36

Histamine

Question 37

Histamine?

Answer 37

stimulate HLC secretion

Question 38

what do the muscus neck cells secrete?

Answer 38

mucus + HCO3 (bicarbonate to buffer acid and prevent epithelial cell damage

Question 39

what phase is triggered by food entering the stomach?

Answer 39

Gastric phase

Question 40

two steps of the gastric phase

Answer 40

- Stretch receptors activates vagal response from the medulla oblongata - activates local enteric nervous system pathways to continue acid secretion from parietal cells

Question 41

what is activated by the presence of partialy digested protiens in the stomach?

Answer 41

Presence of partially digested proteins activate a positive feedback loop and increases gastrin production to secrete more pepsinogen

Question 42

what is relased whith low pH

Answer 42

Presence of partially digested proteins activate a positive feedback loop and increases gastrin production to secrete more pepsinogen

Question 43

what is released when pH is low in stomach?

Answer 43

When pH drops too low, somatostatin is secreted from D cells to slow production of gastrin in a negative feedback loop

Question 44

what phase is tiggered by food entering the duodenum

Answer 44

intestinal phase

Question 45

what is the enterogastric reflex?

Answer 45

activated in the intestinal phase + increases somatostatin release and inhibition of gastrin to slow stomach activity

Question 46

when is there increase in sympathetic activity?

Answer 46

intestinal phase to inhibit gastric activity

Question 47

Presence of fats, proteins, and low pH in the duodenum...

Answer 47

stimulates CCK and secretin into the bloodstream This increases production of pancreatic juice for digestion, and release of bile into the duodenum

Question 48

What are slow waves initiated by?

Answer 48

Iniated by Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICCs), which are found within the myenteric plexus

Question 49

What do slow waves do?

Answer 49

Slow waves are there is basal electrical activity that mediate enteric motoneuron activity

Question 50

Reason for gastric motility?

Answer 50

Mix the food with the gastric juices to form chyme Move the food from the fundus/body of the stomach towards the pyloric sphincter for emptying

Question 51

what do the oblique muscle do in the digestive tract?

Answer 51

churn and mix the chyme

Question 52

what affect do gastrin and acytlecholine have have on contractions?

Answer 52

increase the frequancy and amplitude

Question 53

What inhibits gastric amptying?

Answer 53

CCK and noradrenaline are both inhibitors of gastric emptying and slow down the speed

Question 54

what is emesis?

Answer 54

Protective mechanism against harmful substances/bacteria in the stomach aka vomiting

Question 55

what is the site of action for PPI's?

Answer 55

The H+/K+ ATPase: H+ is the site of action for proton pump inhibitors. PPI's bind to the receptor irreversibly and prevents H+ from entering the lumen

Question 56

what is the target for histamine receptor antagonists?

Answer 56

H2 receptors on parietal cells are the target for histamine receptor antagonists (famotidine) and reduce acid secretion

Question 57

Hiatus Hernia

Answer 57

Protrusion of part or all of the stomach into the thorax

Question 58

Hiatus hernia treatment

Answer 58

Can be surgically repaired alongside a fundoplication if conservative management fails (antireflux medication and dietary changes)

Question 59

4 types of hiatus hernia?

Answer 59

(a) Type I: Sliding hernia (b) Type-II: "True" paraesophageal hernia (c) Type-III: "Mixed" paraesophageal hernia (d) Type-IV: "Giant" paraesophageal hernia

Question 61

What is the location of the stomach?

Answer 61

Epigastric region/ left upper quadrants

Question 62

Is the muscalasris mucosae involved in peristalsis?

Answer 62

No it is a layer of smooth muscle cells that gently move secretions.

Question 63

Is the muscalasris external involved in peristalsis and churning food?

Answer 63

Yes

Question 64

How is the stomach unique?

Answer 64

Third oblique muscle

Question 65

Name three step meal response

Answer 65

1. Cephelci phase (prepare stomach from thought and smell of food) 2. Gastric phase (stimulated by presence of food) 3. Intestinal phase (good enters the duodenum)

Question 67

What does H-pylori produce?

Answer 67

Urease

Question 68

Two causes of peptic ulcer disease

Answer 68

H-pylori and NSAID use

Question 69

What is hypochloridroa?

Answer 69

Deficiency of HCL in the stomach

Question 70

What is the name from the disorder where there is slow gastric emptying

Answer 70

Gastroparasis

Question 71

What is diagnose by gastric emptying scintigraphy?

Answer 71

Gastroparasis

Question 72

Functional dyspepsia

Answer 72

- epigastric pain and no evidence of structural disease