COM3310 Glossary Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
2PC
A
Two-phase commit - Commit and roll back - first check goes to all Resource Managers and checks whether everything is ok to commit, then decides whether to commit or not (2 phases) (if even one Resource Manager cannot go ahead, then the whole thing does not go ahead)- the idea that a transaction can be of multiple parts and that the system needs to either commit everything or roll back on everything if there is a failure
2
Q
ACID
A
Requirements of a transaction system: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability Atomic: Meaning either all changes are made at once or not at all Consistency: Database remains consistent according to the rules defines such as referential integrity both before and after the transaction is executed Isolation: Requires that transactions are executed as if not other transactions are executed (e.g. hidden) Durability: When a transaction is stated as complete, the updates to the database are preserved irrespective of any system failures
3
Q
Address Space
A
The complete range of addresses available to a program. An address space contains user data, system data and programs, some of which are common to all address spaces.
4
Q
ADRDSSU
A
Application-level Utility - Primary disk dump and disk restore program provided with z/OS
5
Q
Alias
A
An alias is a special entry in the master catalog, pointing to a user catalog, that coincides with the high level qualifier of a data set name.
6
Q
AMS
A
Access Method Services: A utility to define and delete VSAM structures, such as files and indexes
7
Q
AORs
A
Application-Owning Regions - In a CICSPlex configuration, a CICS region devoted to running applications
8
Q
Application Designers & Programmer
A
Design, build, test and deliver mainframe applications
9
Q
Atomic Instant
A
The instant when the coordinator records the fact that it is going to tell all the resource managers to either commit or roll back
10
Q
Batch Processing
A
The running of jobs on the mainframe without user interaction - reads and processes data in bulk and produces output
11
Q
BMS
A
Basic Mapping Support - 3270: Sends a menu to the terminal, in between command prompt and interface I think
12
Q
CA
A
Continuous Availability
13
Q
CBU
A
Capacity BackUp - Temporary upgrade for customers who have a requirement for a robust disaster recovery solution, creates backup systems that is not paid for unless a disaster is activated (special contract with IBM)
14
Q
CEC
A
Central Electionic Complex (like CPC (Central Processing Complex) - the physical collection of hardware that includes main storage, one or more central processors, timers and channels (main system))
15
Q
CEDA
A
CICS Command - Used for creating and managing resource definitions (Conversational)
16
Q
CEMT
A
CICS Command - Master Terminal Commands (INQUIRE - Set File, SET - Disable a program, ) (Conversational)
17
Q
CF
A
Coupling Facility
18
Q
CHPID
A
Channel Path Identifier: The channels are all integrated in the main processor box
19
Q
CICS
A
Customer Information Control System - General purpose transaction subsystem for z/OS
20
Q
CICS Explorer
A
A system management tool that offers a simple, integrated and intuitive way to manage one or more IBM CICS systems
21
Q
CICS TS
A
CICS Transaction Server: Often called simply CICS, is a powerful, mixed-language application server that runs on the IBM mainframe operating system called z/OS. Commonly divided into three regions (TOR, FOR and AOR)
22
Q
CICSPlex
A
CICS Architechture - CICS is divided into several regions and each region can play a different role. Each region has its own VSAM file detailing the resources that are used exclusively for that region
23
Q
CIU
A
Customer Initiated Upgrade - Web-based solutions for customers ordering and installing upgrades via the IBM Resource Link
24
Q
Cluster
A
z/OS Parallel Sysplex or z/VM Single System Image (SSI) cluster
25
CMS
Conversational Monitor System - Operating system shipped with z/VM - A virtual machine only operating system, supporting a personal productivity environment, development and installing and maintaining z/VM - Has its own file systems - Runs many applications, compilers etc.
26
CO
Continuous Operations
27
COMMAREA
Pg 423 - CICS - Standard way for CICS prgrams to communicate with each other - The name of the area containing the data to be passed or the area to which results are to be returned (also an option to invoke CICS programs)
28
Conversational
A program that conducts a conversation with the user - Program waits for users response
29
CP
Control Program / Central Processor: The part of the computer that contrains the sequencing and processing facilities for instruction execution, initial program load, and other machine operations.
30
CPACF
CP Assist for Cryptographic function
31
CPC
Central Processor Complex - The physical collection of hardware that includes main storage, one or more central processors, timers and channels
32
CSGM
CICS Command - CICS Good Morning - Command to bring up the welcome screen
33
CSTOR
Memory / Central Storage / Main Storage
34
DASD
Direct Access Storage Device (Disks)
35
Datasets
A collection of logically related data records, such as a library of macros, medical records or a source program.
36
DB2
Shared I/O - DB2 is a database software from IBM. It is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). DB2 is designed to store, analyze and retrieve the data efficiently. DB2 product is extended with the support of Object-Oriented features and non-relational structures with XML. Tables are formatted in a typical logical structure composed of rows and columns
37
DB2 Buffer Pools
A buffer pool is an area of main memory that has been allocated by the database manager for the purpose of caching table and index data as it is read from disk. Every DB2® database must have a buffer pool. Each new database has a default buffer pool defined, called IBMDEFAULTBP.
38
DB2 Catalogue
The DB2 catalog consists of tables of data about everything defined to the DB2 system, including table spaces, indexes, tables, copies of table spaces and indexes, and storage groups.
39
DB2 Com: ALTER
Change the storage size
40
DB2 Com: BIND
DB2 Bind compiles all your sql statements into an executable format.
41
DB2 Com: COMPILE?
Dynamic SQL?
42
DB2 Com: COPY/RECOVER
It is vital that a DBA takes image copies of the data and the indexes with the COPY utility to recover data. The RECOVER utility can recover back to an image copy for a point-in-time recovery
43
DB2 Com: DCLGEN
Allows you to automatically generate your source definitions for the DB2 objects that will be used in your program
44
DB2 Com: DISPLAY
Displays status for whatever suffix you add after
45
DB2 Com: LOAD/UNLOAD
After the tables are created, the DBA uses the LOAD utility to populate them, with the ability to compress large amounts of data. UNLOAD allows the DBA to move or copy data from one subsystem to another
46
DB2 Com: PRECOMPILE?
Because compiled cannot handle SQL, the precompile step comments out the SQL statements and leaves behind a CALL statement to DB2.
47
DB2 Com: REORG
Reorders data in sequence
48
DB2 Com: RUN
When you execute your application program, the load module is loaded into main storage.
49
DB2 Com: RUNSTATS
Gathers statistics for use by the optimiser
50
DB2 Data Sharing
The ability of concurrent subsystems (such as DB2 or IMS DB) or application programs to directly access and change the same data, while maintaining data integrity
51
DBA
Database Administrator: Guides and approves database design, controls access to integrity and availability, providing standards, approving the use of any programs that access them, determines rules and security for access - not responsible for the data
52
DBMS
Database Management System
53
DFH
The 3 character optional software component identifier for CICS
54
DFMSMS - dfp
Core piece of DFSMS that deals with reading and writing
55
DFSMS
Data Facility Storage Management Subsystem - Performs the essential data, storage, program, and device management functions of the system. Used to automate storage management for data sets (rules based: the manager of the SMS can set rules of exactly what should be backed up, when it should be moved to 'secondary storage' (archived) depending on something like user priority e.g. high priority customer may get better backed up data than a low priority stakeholder) (dfp, dss, rmm, hsm, OPT)
56
DIMM
Dual In-Line Memory Module - Holds array of chips for RAM
57
DMA
Direct Memory Access
58
DR
Disaster Recovery
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Dynamic SQL
Refers to SQL statements that are only partially or totally unknown when the program is written. Only when the program runs does DB2 know what the statements are and is able to determine the appropriate access paths.
60
EAL5
Highest level of security ceritification. The IBM mainframes are the world's only servers to achieve this certification.
61
ESCON
Like FICON (fibre connection)
62
ESS
Enterprise Storage System: Allows multiple I/Os to execure concurrently against the same disk device without queuing. This functionality allows a device to contain more than one access path using a base address along with aliases.
63
Extensibility
Taking future growth into consideration
64
FICON
Fibre Connection architecture - Fibre channel protocol used for connectivity to traditional mainframe disk and tape
65
FORs
File-Owning Regions - In a CICSPlex configuration, a CICS region devoted to files
66
GDPS
Geographically Dispersed Parallel Sysplex - Ultimate disaster recovery and continuious availability
67
HA
High Availability
68
HBA
Host Bus Adapter - FICON Express
69
HFS
Hierarchical File System: A mountable file system, which is being phased out by zFS
70
Hipersockets
Technology that provides high-speed TCP/IP connectivity within a central processor complex. It eliminates the need for any physical cabling or external networking connection between servers running in different LPARs
71
HLQ
High level qualifier: Possible high level qualifiers are your userid or jobname
72
HMC
Hardwar Management Console: A user interface through which data centre personnel configure, control, monitor and manage IBM System Z hardware and software resources.
73
HSA
Hardware Save Area - Not addressable by the user, special component of the mainframe central storage area loaded at power on
74
Hypervisor
The hypervisor drives the concept of virtualization by allowing the physical host machine to operate multiple virtual machines as guests to help maximize the effective use of computing resources such as memory, network bandwidth and CPU cycles.
75
I/O
Input/Output: To describe any program, operation or device that transfers data to or from a computer to or from a peripheral device
76
I/O Channels
I/O Channels are part of the Channel Subsystem (CSS). They provide connectivity for data exchange between servers (and external contol units, devices or networks.
77
I/O Devices
e.g. a hard drive
78
ICFs
Integrated Coupling Facility: A large memory scratch pad used by multiple systems to coordinate work by sharing resources between LPARs or used for workload balancing when configured for a Parallel Sysplex
79
ICKDSF
System-oriented Utility - Used primarily to intialise disk volumes
80
IDCAMS
Utility program primarliy used to create and manipulate VSAM data sets
81
IEBCOPY
Utility program that copies members from one Partitioned Dataset to another as well as compress a Partitioned Dataset
82
IEBDG
Utility Program - Used to create records in which fields can be generated with various types of data. IEBDG is typically used to create test data.
83
IEBFBR14
Utility Program - The only function of this sprogram is to provide a zero (0) completion code.
84
IEBGENER
Utility program that copies one sequential data set to another
85
IEBUPDATE
Utility Program - Used to create multiple members in a partitioned data set, or to update records within a member
86
IEHINITT
System-oriented Utility - Used to write standard labels on tapes
87
IEHLIST
System-oriented Utility - Used to list a parititoned data set directory or a disk volume table of contents (VTOC)
88
IFB
InfiniBand: Is used as the pervasive, low-latency, and high-bandwidth interconnect that has low processing impact and is ideal for carrying multiple traffic types
89
IFL
Integrated Facility for Linux - Processor used exclusively by Linux
90
INSTALL (Within CICS)
Within CICS - deploy a group of resources to a single action
91
IOCDS
I/O Control Data set - Translates physical I/O addresses into device numbers that are used by the operating system software to access devices
92
IPL
Inital Program Load
93
ISPF
Interactive System Productivity Facility: The menu-driven interface for TSO/E This collection of menus and panels offers a wide range of funtions to assist users in working with data files on the system
94
JCL
Job Control Language - used to control job scheduling and execution
95
JES2
Job Entry System 2: Reads jobs into the system, converts them into readable form, processes etc.
96
KVM
Kernel-based Virtual Machine (open source Linux Hypervisor) - been ported to z Systems and can be run in an LPAR to host Linux guests - Does not provise the same robustness, security, integrity and manageability features at hypervisor level of z/VM
97
LCSSs
Logical Channel Subsystems: The largest machine today can support up to four LCSSs, each having a maximum of 256 channels
98
LP
Logical Partition
99
LPAR
Mainframe Logical Partitioning - represents an operating system instance, independent & its own operating system (equivilant of a seperate mainframe for most practical purposes) Resources and devices can be shared across several LPARs (eg. Channels, OSA Express Ports, FICON Express Ports)
100
Mainframe
A mainframe is what businesses use to host the commercial databases, transaction servers, and applications that require a greater degree of security and availability than is commonly found on smaller-scale machines.
101
Master Catalog
The Master Catalog usually stores only the name of the user catalogs. A z/OS system always has at least one master catalog.
102
MCS Console
A console that is used to enter commands and receive messages
103
Middleware
Software 'layer' between the operating system and the user or user application e.g. database management systems
104
Minidisk
z/VM disk partitioning technology
105
MIPS
Processor that runs more efficiently due to restricted commands
106
MRO
Multi-Region Opertation: Enables the seperation of different CICS functions into different CICS regions (address spaces)
107
NIC
Network Interface Card
108
Normalisation
1NF: Structure of a table - not a set of data in one field (e.g. Phone: 07908617522; 07463927103, need to be split) 2NF: 1-to-1 - If each column that is not in the key provides a face that depends on the entire key Above are the main two. 3NF: 1-to-many relationships - If each non-key column is independent of the other columns and depends only on the key 4NF/5NF: many-to-many relationships - If no rows contain two or more independent multivalued facts about an entity
109
OLTP
Online Transaction Processing
110
OOCoD
On/Off Capacity on Demand
111
OSA
Open Systems Adapter: Modern way to connect consoles, interface for networking (like ethernet)
112
Parallel Sysplex
Clustering technologies that allow the customer to operate multiple copies of the operating system as a single system - Network connects to sysplex (of individual computers) which each connect to a shared data system. Can scale nearly linearly from 2 to 32 systems. Parallel Sysplex technology allows multiple mainframes to act as one. It is a clustering technology that can provide near-continuous availability.
113
PAVs
Parallel Access Volumes: Allows multiple I/Os to execure concurrently against the same disk device without queuing. This functionality allows a device to contain more than one access path using a base address along with aliases.
114
PCT
Program Control Table: A CICS transaction is given a 4-character name, which is defined in the PCT
115
PDS
Partitioned Dataset: A z/OS library containing members, such as source programs
116
PDS/E
Partitioned Dataset Extended: Have a different internal format, which gives them increased usability. In a PDS, you store programs as load modules, in a PDSE you store programs as program objects. Improved user productivity and system performance - PDSE automatically reuses space within the data set without the need for anyone to periodically run a utility to reorganise it.
117
PLPA
Pageable Link Pack Area
118
Production Control Analyst
Person who ensures that batch workloads run to completion without error or delay
119
Pseudo-Conversational
A series of non-conversational transactions that appear to the user as a conversation - Program only runs when the user invokes action e.g. POST on a webpage (Frees up resources compared to conversational)
120
PU
Processing Units within a Central Processor Complex (can be referred to as a CP - single processor)
121
QDIO
Queued Direct I/O
122
RAIM
Redundant Array of Independent Memory
123
RAS
Reliability, Availability and Serviceability. When something "exhibits RAS characteristics", its design places a high priority on the system remaining in service at all times. Reliability: Self-checking and self-recovering capabilities. Availability: The system can recover from a failed component without impacting the rest of the running system. The highest levels of availability are obtained with DB2 and the Parallel Sysplex on the System z architechture. Serviceability: The system can determine why a failure occured.
124
RDBMS
Relational Database Management System
125
RDF
Record Descriptor Field - Occopy the last 7 bytes of the Control Interval - displays record length information and the number of records it applies to
126
Referential Integrity
Relationships between tables established by defining foreign keys
127
Region
Address Space
128
RHEL
Red Hat Enterprise Linux
129
RM
Resource Manager - Subsystem which manages the resources in the back-end inolved in a transaction (examples include WAS, CICS, IMS & DB2)
130
RMF
Application-level Utility - Resource Management Facility used to measure various aspects of system performance
131
RoCE
Remote DMA over Converged Ethernet (card) - RoCE Express
132
RRS
Resource Recover Services - Primary sync point coordinator
133
S/360
The first general purpose (scientific and commercial) computer (mainframe) introduced in 1964
134
SAPs
System Assist Processor - Used for the I/O subsystem - each machine has at least one
135
SC
System Controller - Processor?
136
SCH
System Control Hub
137
SDSF
System Display and Search: Used to review the output for successful completion or review and correct JCL errors. SDSF allows you to display printer output held in the JES spool area. Additionally can view the system log and monitor jobs as they're being processed
138
SE
Support Element: A hardware unit that provides communications, monitoring and diagnostic functions to a central processor complex (CPC)
139
SE (Architechture)
Shared Everything architechture - “Shared Everything” is a complete multi-tenant architecture where all the tenants data is stored in the same database, on the same hardware and separated logically using metadata. This allows all the infrastructure costs to scale evenly.
140
SIE
Start Interpretive Executation Instruction - (like the LPAR hypervisor) uses the SIE instruction to "run" virtual processors for a given virtual machine - No performance penalty for running z/VM in an LPAR - No shadow page tables required for DAT-on guests
141
SLES
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
142
SMC-D
Shared Memory Communications - Direct Memory Access - Hipersockets
143
SMS
System Managed Storage / Storage Management Subsystem: A facility used to automate and centralise the management of storage. Using SMS, a storage administrator describes data allocation characteristics, performance and availability goals, backup and retention requirements, and storage requirements to the system through data class, storage class, management class, storage group, and ACS routine definitions.
144
SPUFI
SQL Processor Using File Input: It allows you to write and save one or more SQL statements at a time
145
SSI
Single System Image: Even though a system may have a Parallel Sysplex, the collection of systems within the Sysplex should appear as a single entity to the operator. A single system image brings reduced complexity from both operational and definition purposes.
146
Static SQL
Refers to complete SQL statements that are written in the source code. Letting the database know in advance what the SQL statement is and then posting the variable later on.
147
STP
Server Time Protocol - Unified time between a cluster (Based on NTP)
148
SUPERZAP
System-oriented Utlility - Can be used to patch disk records
149
Syncpoint Coordinator/Manager or 'Initiator' or RRS
The system that makes decisions - speaks to all systems (PREPARE command), each system will reply as to whether they are ready to complete the task or not, then the syncpoint manager will begin phase 2 as to whether it will commit (if unanimous) or rollback
150
System Administrator
Person who maintains the critical business data that resides on the mainframe
151
System Operator
Person who monitors and controls the operation of the mainframe hardware and software
152
System Programmer
Person who installs, customizes and maintains the operating system
153
System Z Business Class
Intended for small to midrange enterprise computing. Entry point providing for a maximum of 10 configurable Processing Units (PU).
154
TCP/IP Service
Tranmission control protocol/internet protocol: A hardware independent communication protocol used between physically seperated computers. It was designed to facilitate communication between computers located on different physical networks. The general term used to describe the suite of protocols that form the basis of the internet.
155
TDISK
On-the-fly disk allocation pool
156
TOR
Terminal Owning Region - A CICS region devoted to managing the terminal network
157
TS
Temporary Storage
158
TSO/E
Time Sharing Option/Extensions: Users log on to the z/OS system through TSO/E (User interface for z/OS in relation to it's menu-driven interface ISPF) Solely, it provides users with a single-user logon and a basic command prompt
159
Typical roles in IT for mainframe:
- System Programmer: Person who installs, customizes and maintains the operating system - System Administrator: Person who maintains the critical business data that resides on the mainframe - Application Designers & Programmers - System Operator: Person who monitors and controls the operation of the mainframe hardware and software - Production Control Analyst: Person who ensures that batch workloads run to completion without error or delay
160
Typical vendor roles:
- Hardware Support - Customer Engineer - Software Support - Field Technical Sales Support - Systems Engineer - Client Representative
161
U
Units (slot within a mainframe rack), standard rack = 42U high
162
UCB
Unit Control Block - Small piece of virtual storage describing the characteristics of a device to the operating system (contains device address and tracking progress of I/O e.g. 'Device Busy')
163
UOW
Unit Of Work - A transaction
164
UR
Unit of Recovery: In transaction systems, commit and roll back referes to the set of actions used to ensure that an application program either makes all the changes or not to the resource represented by a single Unit of Recovery
165
User Catalog
Data set used to locate the DASD volume in which the requested data set is stored.
166
VIO
Virtual I/O
167
VSAM
Virtual Storage Access Method - Provides more complex functions than other disk access methods (Record format: KSDS, ESDS, RRDS, LDS)
168
VSAM - ESDS
Entry Sequence Data Set: This form of VSAM keeps records in sequential order. Records can be accessed sequentially.
169
VSAM - KSDS
Key Sequence Data Set: This is the most common use for VSAM. Each record has one or more key fields and a record can be retrieved (or inserted) by key value. This provides random access to data. Records are of variable length. So that the system can retrieve an item without searching all preceding items in the data set. Ideal for data items that are used frequently and in an unpredictable order.
170
VSAM - LDS
Linear Data Set: This is, in effect, a byte-stream data set and is the only form of a byte-stream data set in traditional z/OS files (as opposted to z/OS UNIX files). A number of z/OS system functions use this format heavily, but it is rarely used by application programs.
171
VSAM - RRDS
Relative Record Data Set: This form of VSAM allows retrieval of records by number: record 1, record 2, and so on. This provides random access and assumes the application program has a way to derive the desired record numbers
172
VTOC
Volume Table of Contents: Manages the storage and placement of datasets, a VTOC lists the data sets that reside on its volume, along with information about the location and size of each data set, and other data set attributes.
173
WLM
Workload Manager - Unified Workload Management - The component of z/OS that manages the processing of workloads in the system according to the company's business goals (SLAs - Service Level Agreements) - Optimises the assignment of resources to the users that have greater priority
174
Z Systems
IBM Z is a family name used by IBM for all of its mainframe computers from the Z900 on
175
z/Architecture
z/Architecture is IBM's 64-bit instruction set architecture implemented by its mainframe computers.
176
z/OS
A widely used mainframe operating system, designed to offer a stable, secure, continuously available and scalable environment for applications running on the mainframe.
177
z/OS Images
An image within a sysplex
178
z/TPF
z/Transaction Processing Facility - Special purpose system used by companies with high transaction volume such as credit card companies
179
z/VM
z/Virtual Machine - Has two basic components: a Control Program and a Single-User Operating System. Hypervisor (runs other operating systems in the virtual machines it creates e.g. z/OS, Linuk, z/VSE and z/TPF can run as guest systems)
180
z/VSE
z/Virtual Storage Extended - Smaller, less complex base for batch and transaction processing, excellent for running routine production workloads consisting of multiple batch jobs. Popular for smaller mainframe computers.
181
zAAPs
z Systems Application Assist processor (taken over by ZIIP, don't need to know)
182
Zeus
Provides free remote access to z/OS, z/VM and Linux for Universities
183
zFS
System z File System: A file system that stores files in VSAM linear data sets
184
zHyperLink
Provides low latency direct connection between Z14 and an IBM Disk Subsystem (DS8880)
185
zIIPs
z/OS Integrated Information Processor: A specialised processor that provides computing capacity for selected data and transaction processing workloads, and for selected network encryption workloads
186
Zystem Z Enterprise Class
Intended for large businesses. Larger frame than Business Class offering up to 64 configurable Central Processors.
