Comm Test 1: hx of public health in the community Flashcards
3 key components
increase in population
increase in population density
imbalance human ecology
= need more infrastructure( bigger health network across the board), more staff, increase what to have to serve the people /increase in diversity, diff needs and beliefs
. increase in population
- everyone go to the same place in same square area/ more issues bc congestion with traffic/people will become frustrated=stress-more illness/increase public health concerns, need more doctors =violence goes up and so does injury
increase in population density
-supply and demand of consumer goods (enough stuff to meet the needs of the people) Ex: food, housing, transportation, health care services
. imbalanced human ecology
: before 10,000 bc stone age, small groups of population were all separated, not a lot of contact between them
-little opportunity for different views to clash, self-sufficient, little opportunity for exchange of disease, abandon housing when waste took too much room=get into the ground and crops
Ex: now we stop eating Mexican tomato’s because contaminated
Hunting and gathering
-small groups began to combine with other small groups= increase pop and density / greater supply and demand , animals living in closer proximity to the humans=bugs, disease, illness
-Problems: salmonella, anthrax, qfever, tb prevalent during this age
-not enough plant life to sustain= poor nutrition, water resources contaminated=dysentery, cholera, typhoid, hep a
Ex: Burmese move in have tb bc dense area
settled villages
- 6,000bc to 1600bc, large urban areas had to form , more pop, demand on resources, manufacturing =live closer to where they work more needs , increase need for waste removal/ start to dev more sophisticated water system/ formal towns develop=waste and trash problems bring issues=rats came-carry diseases
- rats would come from anywhere, newer disease happening=direct contact, through their waste
- rats=brought the plague=bubonic plague(black death) -red sores flu, small pox
Preindustrial area
-1700-1800: industry increase, industrial waste pollution issue=air, land, water, civil war=make weapons/ war ends poor working conditions
Mercenary soldiers to come help fight- bring disease
-Problems: Resp disease increased=pneumonia bronchitis , epidemics-illness in large proportion episodes of illness=diphtheria, small pox, typhoid, measles, malaria, yellow fever (spread by travel)
Industrial cities
= 1900- infectious disease caused the largest amount of death ever, health disparities in socioeconomic status
- end of century disease chronic- cardiac, peripheral vascular, obesity, diabetes
- increased refined sugar and fat= what we ate caused disease others adopted western ways
- occupational hazards, mental disorders=stress, modern convinces promoted by sedentary lifestyle
The present- 1900 to present
– Leviticus (bible) self-care and well-being of the community
1500 BC
– Hippocrates: components talk about looking more holistic, prevention, shift for survival of all
500 BC
1620-1674)
* father of descriptive epidemiology(how you track a disease), describes what happened with the plague * First to predict life expectancy- started to look outside those people who can pay/studied the plague/ 40 years at best life expectancy
-John Graunt (
– hygiene, medical skills.
Babylonians
– medications, drainage systems.
Egyptians
(1633-1723)
* rudimentary observation of bacteria - Organisms that would hurt you
Anthoni Leeuwenhock
(1633-1714)
* occupational health: work houses, child labor
Bernardo Ramazzini
- Regulate the poor, blind, and “lame”
- Refuge for local citizens only
- Almhouses
Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601
germs, pathogens were called
Contagions- 1700
(Europe) contributions looked at infant mortality, affect the growth and the strength of the population( more deaths pop weaker and sicker)/ advocated for medical old age insurance= impacts today basic foundation Medicare and Medicaid, social security
Denis Diderot 1700
contributions worked on small pox vaccine, decreased the amount of cases
Edward Jenner
big issue during late 1700s killed thousands of people
Yellow fever-
- dealt with issues of quarantine of ships in the US, no one get off ship: floating ships were mini hospitals= transfer people to hospital that are very sick went to the hospital ( starting to realized where disease are started , and the whole chain of infection)
Marine Hospital Service
- things will transfer (infectious disease), universally excepted, things will make us sick
Germ theory 1800
- a lot of health issues related to working conditions, pollution
Industrialization 1800
- decided to because pop density issue
Go West” 1800
– absurd things= baldness is curable, remedies thrived= wouldn’t get correct health care, doing weird things to self but didn’t help
Quackery 1800
(England)- devastate England, killed more people than the plague, water borne illness / polarization of poverty =became poorer and well off=became richer
1830’s to 1850’s: cholera
: he looked at how diseases were transmitted, linked Cholera to public water station, broad station pump(didn’t look at inanimate objects could cause) thought to remove handle and changed spout= decreased the amount of sick, wanted to find the source Ex: now we have to find where the restaurant got the food from to cause sickness
. 1850 – John Snow
k: 1st model of public health, 1st state board of health in Massachusetts Ex: important in today’s world because it sets the standards , got organized
1850 – Lemual Shattuc
European, not always respected, came from a wealthy family= 1st one to start elevating nursing to profession
- advocated for washing hands, putting on clean bandages, fresh air, clean water
- new how to get supplies and not through the doctors
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)-
(1805-1881)- African American, in Caribbean and southern states, broke ways like Florence Nightingale
. Mary Seacole
(1867-1940)-mother of public health nursing
-organize districts and one nurse would have one district to take care of
-funding and government bought into: started visiting nurse association, aggregate nursing
-neighborhood health service=henry street settlement house/ immigrants and poor would go to receive health care
-1st person to develop education for public health nurses
-Instructive district nursing
Mary Brewster – assisted Wald
-Beginning of need for emergency nurse education.
. Lillian Wald
1st African American PHN
Jessie Sleet –
Rural nursing
- “Town and Country Nursing Services”
- Industrial nursing
- School nursing
- Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
- Frontier Nursing Service (Mary Breckinridge
American Red Cross: 1900
: come in with uproar and commotion with what is normal
-Mary Mallon was a cook and a carrier of typhoid fever, people at this restaurant started to get sick, lived the rest of her life in quarantine
Ex: today people in public health we don’t throw them away, we find ways to deal with it, we still quarantine= talk through door or wave from the window
– “Typhoid Mary” 1907
- = rickets, polio, pellagra=vitamin b deficiency
- back in the day they didn’t have any, pork worried about worms cause trichinosis/ around midcentury started to inspect ( can affect the economy)
- get rid of sweat shops
uchd
meat inspection
child labor laws
1900
-birth control, abstinence, Md only treated, didn’t have informed consent no education
-broke laws to have birth control legal
Ex: relate to now: she laid the ground work for the right women have to know, also for ed meds
books she wrote: “What Every Girl Should Know” “What Every Mother Should Know”
1916 – Family planning * Margaret Sanger
G. no effective treatments and died from it
1918 to 1950’s – influenza=
no one had anything, couldn’t borrow anything, public health increased the cost of health care because the demand was greater,
- those who have had health care but now don’t increase the need for help
The Great Depression- 1920-1940
Native American Health-1st ethnic or racial group had unique health concerns
- protein deficiencies, alcoholism
Ex: (impact today not looking at everyone as one size fits all)
Native American Health- 1920-1940
study from infection to death with African American subjects, ethics didn’t tell people they had the disease, still gave placebos when they saw them getting sick, really started to look at the ethics with research
Tuskegee Syphilis Study-1920-1940
- Center for Disease Control (1946)
- World Health Organization (1948)-trade and new illnesses
- Water fluoridation (1948)- a lot of resistance at first, after 5 years , help with germs in water and diminish dental problems
- Polio vaccine (1954)- Sulk makes
1940’s to 1960’s
- “The Pill” (1960)-big issue with giving women choices
- Environmentalism (1964)- if didn’t focus on this then some of the environmental issues would be present
- Tobacco recognized as a hazard (1964)
- War on Poverty (1964)
- head start
- Small pox eradication began (1966)
- Small pox officially eradicated worldwide (1977)
- EPA (1970)-environmental protection agency came from environmentalism in 1964
- WIC (1972)
- legionnaires disease
1960’s to 1980’s
(1965)-preschool for low income and underprivileged family, can be daycare service= allows parent to be able to work= increase money
Head Start
(1977)- we became complacent with infectious disease, the ventilation of air condition became contaminated in the hotel and all the people who got sick went to the conference/ now we need to inspect buildings
Legionnaire’s Disease
- AIDS (1981)- formally diagnose
- Food labeling (1990)- rechange through generations
- Genome Project (1990 completed early 2000)-completed early, mapped out genetics
- Healthy People 2000 (1990)- goals
- Development of list of 20th century achievements in public health.
1980’s to 2000
- Hazards of tobacco
- Fluoridated water
- Vaccinations
- Motor vehicle safety
- Safer workplace
- Family planning
- Decrease in cardiovascular and CVA deaths
- Control of infectious disease
- Safe, healthier food.
- Healthier mothers and babies
Top 10 Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century
- 9/11 – terrorism: taught us that we aren’t the only super power, changed airport security
- Bioterrorism
- Emerging infectious disease
- SARS
- HIV/AIDS-impact 93 Magic Johnson had=now a face to the disease and broke stereotype
- Societal violence
- Chronic disease
- Isis- 11 planes missing from military
- More emphasis on prevention
2000 to the present
- Increased need for primary care physicians
- Increased need for advanced practice nurses
- Emphasis on prevention, health promotion, and home care
- Population-focused nursing education
- More research on chronic diseases
- Affordable Health Care Act of 2010
- Public safety becoming a growing concern
2000 and beyond………………
