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Cells and Macromolecules > Commensals and Pathogens > Flashcards

Commensals and Pathogens Flashcards

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1
Q

What are commensal bacteria (3)

A
  1. Bacteria that live in symbiosis with the host without causing harm
  2. Part of the normal flora/microbiota
  3. Role in digestion - Vitamin K, B2, B7, B9, B12 synthesis, immune system & regulation
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2
Q

What is the role of microbiota in health (5)

A
  1. Prevent colonisation of exogenous microbes
  2. Provide nutrients and vitamins
  3. Develop immune functions
  4. Detoxification of harmful dietary constituents
  5. Tissue & organ development
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3
Q

what are the impacts of microbiota on human physiology (12)

A
  1. Appetite disorders
  2. Parkinson’s
  3. Alzheimer’s
  4. Multiple sclerosis
  5. Anxiety
  6. Neurodegenerative diseases
  7. Liver disease
  8. Obesity
  9. Cardiovascular disease
  10. Diabetes & insulin resistance
  11. Low-grade inflammation
  12. Arthritis
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4
Q

what is the gut microbiota in vaginally delivered babies (3

A
  1. Lactobacillus
  2. Prevotella
  3. Sneathia
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5
Q

what is the gut microbiota in C-section delivered babies (3)

A
  1. Staphylococcus
  2. Corynebacterium
  3. Propionibacterium
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6
Q

what are the oral microbiome components (7)

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Bacteria
  3. Archaea
  4. Fungi
  5. Protozoa
  6. Balance = eubiosis
  7. Inbalance = cybiosis
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7
Q

what happens with healthy gut microbiota (6)

A
  1. Less gut inflammation
  2. Improved lipid metabolism
  3. More antioxidants production
  4. More short-chain fatty acids
  5. Less risk of infections
  6. More insulin sensitivity
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8
Q

what happens with diseases gut microbiota (6)

A
  1. More gut inflammation
  2. More risk of CVD
  3. More LPS production
  4. Less short-chain fatty acids
  5. More risk of infections
  6. More insulin resistance
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9
Q

how is there mucosal homeostasis of gut microbiota via dendrites (5)

A
  1. Dendrites extend past the epithelial lining & engulf the bacterium
  2. Dendrite migrates to mesenteric lymph node & activates into IgA+ B cell
  3. IgA+ B cell differentiates into IgA secreting plasma cell
  4. IgA secreting plasma cell releases bacteria specific IgA
  5. Bacteria specific IgA passes through epithelial cell lining through transcytosis & fights infection
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10
Q

what is the immune defence against luminal microbial community - mucosal homeostasis of gut microbiota (2)

A
  1. Antimicrobial proteins secrete from epithelial cell lining
  2. Goblet cell releases mucin glycoproteins
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11
Q

what are the effects of probiotics (5)

A
  1. Enhanced barrier function
  2. Mucus secretion
  3. Colonisation
  4. Bacteriocin SCFA release leading to
  5. Prevention of pathogens, viral infections
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12
Q

what are the effects of pathogenic bacteria (3)

A
  1. Damaged barrier function
  2. Bacterial & viral infections
  3. Inflammatory cytokine caner factor secretion
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13
Q

how is gut microbiota restored in diseased patients (2)

A
  1. Take faecal samples from healthy donor with a healthy microbiota
  2. Transplant faecal sample to C. difficile patient
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14
Q

what are the pathogenic modes of transmission (8)

A
  1. Skin contact
  2. Sexual transmission
  3. Indirect contact
  4. Droplet contact
  5. Airborne
  6. Food-borne
  7. Water-borne
  8. Vector-borne
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15
Q

what is pathogenic bacterial local infection in lungs (2)

A
  1. Neutrophils go from blood to tissue to fight infection
  2. Macrophages in tissue engulf bacteria
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16
Q

what is pathogenic bacterial local infection in bone marrow (3)

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A
  1. Steady response to lymphopoiesis & steady granulopoiesis
  2. Haematopoietic stem cell differentiates into stem cells
  3. Stem cells become neutrophils or lymphocytes
17
Q

what is pathogenic bacterial systemic infection (4)

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A
  1. Enhanced emergency response with a lot more neutrophils being produced & fighting infection
  2. Macrophages & neutrophils fight infection
  3. HSC > stem cell > neutrophils (emergency granulopoiesis)
  4. Decreased lymphopoiesis
18
Q

what are the major virulence factors of s. pyogenes (5)

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A

Adherence - fibronectin-binding proteins
Antiphagocytosis - M protein & hyaluronic acid capsule
Exoenzyme - Hyaluronidase
Invasin - Streptokinase
Toxin - Streprolysin pyrogenic exotoxins (superantigens )

19
Q

what are the major virulence factors of s. agalactiae (4)

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A

Adherence - fibronectin-binding proteins
Antiphagocytosis - Capsule
Exoenzyme - Alpha-C protein
Invasin - beta haemolysin/cytolysin

20
Q

what are the major virulence factors of s. pneumonia (2)

Study These Flashcards
A

Adherence - Choline binding proteins
Antiphagocytosis - capsule

21
Q

what are human opportunistic bacteria (4)

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A
  1. S. pyogenes (group A streptococcus)
  2. S. agalactia (group B streptococcus)
  3. Viridans group streptococcus
  4. S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
22
Q

what is MRSA (3)

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A
  1. Multiple resistant staphylococcus aureus
  2. Resistant to all beta lactams
  3. Staphylococcus epidermidisis - opportunistic, skin & nose
23
Q

What is drug-resistant tuberculosis (4)

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A
  1. TB/multi-drug resistant
  2. TB/extensively drug-resistant
  3. TB/mycobacterium tuberculosis
  4. Causes tuberculosis - one of the most common infectious diseases & frequent cause of death
24
Q

what is drug-resistant campylobacter (3)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Causes bloody diarrhoea, fever & abdominal cramps
  2. Can be resistant to ciprofloxacin & nalidixic acid
  3. Spreads from animals to people through raw/undercooked contaminated food
25
what is drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (3)
1. Causes STD gonorrhoea 2. Can result in life-threatening ectopic pregnancy & infertility 4. Can increase the risk of getting and giving HIV
26
what is carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter (3)
1. Causes pneumonia, wound, bloodstream and urinary tract infections 2. Resistant to nearly all antibiotics 3. Cause deadly infections & large outbreaks among hospitalised & nursing home residents
27
what is propionibacterium acnes (3)
1. Grame ve + anaerobic commensal causing acne vulgaris 2. produced lipases, proteases & hydrolases causing inflammation & tissue destruction 3. Present on human skin, oral cavity, conjunctiva & external ear canal
28
what are the portals of bacterial entry (10)
1. Broken skin 2. Insect bite 3. Anus 4. Ear 5. Conjunctiva of eye 6. Nose 7. Mouth 8. Placenta 9. Vagina/penis 10. Urethra
29
what are portals of bacterial exit (11)
1. Earwax 2. Blood 3. Skin flakes 4. Faeces 5. Semen & lubricating secretions 6. Tears 7. Nose secretions 8. Saliva & sputum 9. Milk, secretions (mammary glands) 10. Vagina secretions & blood 11. Urine
30
what are reservoirs of infectious disease (5)
1. Animal reservoirs - Zoonoses 2. Human carriers most common which can infect themselves 3. Environmental soil, water, food & faeces 4. Intravenous fluid and equipment 5. Insects
31
what are types of virulence factors (5)
1. Adherence components (attachment) 2. Capsules (envasion) 3. Invasion enzymes (entry, colonisation) 4. Exotoxins (including enterotoxins ) 5. endotoxins (e.g. LPS)
32
what are bacterial capsules and slime layers (4)
1. Polysaccharide layers which may be thin/thin, rigid/flexible 2. Assist in attachment to surfaces 3. Protect against phagocytosis 4. Resist desiccation
33
what are biofilms (6)
1. Contribute to pathology, virulence & drug resistance, difficult to treat 2. Adhesion of single cells to a substratum leads to microcolonies of biofilms 3. an architectural colony of microorganisms, within a matrix of extracellular polymeric substance that they produce 4. Contains microbial cells adherent to one another and a static surface 5. Bacterial biofilms are usually pathogenic and cause nosocomial infections 6. found in the gallbladder, intestines, food and environment
34
what is the biofilm formation cycle (5)
1. Motility - approaching surface (reversible) 2. Adhesion (reversible) 3. Maturation - attachment & matrix formation (irreversible) 4. Dispersion - formation & release balance (irreversible) 5. Propagation - Beginning of new cycle (irreversible )

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