Commerce + Trade

Question 1

England’s manufacturing was dominated by ______ (under __% of economy) with most production controlled by ______ in towns.

Answer 1

cloth → 10 → guilds

Question 2

By 1688 England’s economy grew through immigrant skills (e.g. ______ cloth-making) and ______ becoming a trade hub though transport remained ______.

Answer 2

Dutch → London → poor

Question 3

The Civil War (1640s–50s) caused: * 10000 houses destroyed * 1% population homeless * ______ taxes on beer&salt * Seizure of ______ estates

Answer 3

excise → Royalist&Catholic

Question 4

The C______ P______ (1614) failed to finish cloth in England due to lack of ______ while demand shifted to ‘’ (lighter fabrics).

Answer 4

Cockayne Project → skill → new draperies

Question 5

Dutch immigrants introduced ______ knitting machines in Norwich&Colchester where __% worked in textiles by 1699.

Answer 5

frame → 40

Question 6

French H______ fled persecution bringing skills in ______ (Spitalfields) and watchmaking.

Answer 6

Huguenots → silk-weaving

Question 7

Immigrants boosted industries: * Dutch: ______ cloths * Huguenots: ______& ______

Answer 7

light → silversmithing → glassmaking

Question 8

New crops like ______ (linen) and ______ (dyes) emerged while the ______ system dominated production.

Answer 8

flax → alum → domestic

Question 9

Key 17C industries: * ______ (Staffordshire) * ______ (Newcastle) * ______ refining (London)

Answer 9

pottery → coal → sugar

Question 10

London’s population boom caused anxiety dubbed “______ of all ill humour” by C______

Answer 10

sink → Clarendon

Question 11

London drove national ______ prices and the ______ trade from Newcastle.

Answer 11

coal → coal

Question 12

Three key financial players: 1. B______ (Royal Exchange) 2. Money s______ (e.g. Clayton) 3. G______-bankers (post-1640)

Answer 12

Brokers → scriveners → Goldsmith

Question 13

The B______ of E______ (founded ___) managed public debt after Crown defaults.

Answer 13

Bank → England → 1694

Question 14

The N______ A______ (1651&1660) targeted ______ shipping requiring colonies to trade via ______ ships.

Answer 14

Navigation Acts → Dutch → English

Question 15

England’s merchant fleet grew from 115000 tons (1629) to 340000 tons (1686).

Answer 15

115 → 340

Question 16

J______ (1607) survived via ______ profits while M______ (1634) was a Catholic refuge.

Answer 16

Jamestown → tobacco → Maryland

Question 17

New England colonies (e.g. P______ 1620) focused on ______ and ______ trade.

Answer 17

Plymouth → fishing → fur

Question 18

Cromwell’s W______ D______ captured J______ (1655) later a ______ hub.

Answer 18

Western Design → Jamaica → sugar

Question 19

The R______ A______ C______ (1672) shipped _000 slaves per year by 1680s.

Answer 19

Royal African → 5

Question 20

The EIC exported ______ (cotton) and ______ (gunpowder ingredient) from India.

Answer 20

calico → saltpetre

Question 21

EIC’s profits exceeded £____ annually by 1680s and minted its own coins.

Answer 21

600,000

Question 22

Early 17C: ______-focused trade → Late 17C: ______& ______ exports.

Answer 22

cloth → sugar → tobacco

Question 23

Pre-1640: ______ servants → Post-1660: ______ labor in colonies.

Answer 23

indentured → enslaved

Question 24

The three A______-D______ W______ (1652–54 1665–67 1672–74) were fought over ______ dominance and ______ routes.

Answer 24

Anglo-Dutch Wars → trade → shipping

Question 25

The N______ A______ (1651) directly targeted D______ shipping by requiring English goods to be carried on ______ ships.

Answer 25

Navigation Acts → Dutch → English

Question 26

The 1667 raid on the M______ (Dutch burning English ships) forced England to concede in the ______ of B______

Answer 26

Medway → Treaty → Breda

Question 27

The G______ R______ (1688) ended rivalry by uniting England and the Netherlands under ______ III.

Answer 27

Glorious Revolution → William

Question 28

M______ aimed for a favorable ______ balance via ______ (e.g. banning French imports in 1678).

Answer 28

Mercantilism → trade → protectionism

Question 29

The S______ A______ (1663) required colonies to export ______ (e.g. tobacco) only to ______.

Answer 29

Staple Act → enumerated goods → England

Question 30

Cromwell’s "W______ D______" (1655) reflected mercantilist goals by seizing ______ from Spain.

Answer 30

Western Design → Jamaica

Question 31

L______ C______ H______ (1688) became the center of ______ insurance later formalized as Lloyd’s of London.

Answer 31

Lloyd’s Coffee House → marine

Question 32

The F______ O______ (1681) and F______ S______ (1683) provided ______ insurance post-Great Fire.

Answer 32

Fire Office → Friendly Society → fire

Question 33

Bills of ______ replaced cash transactions while goldsmiths issued early ______ (pre-Bank of England).

Answer 33

exchange → banknotes

Question 34

R______ I______ (1643) was unique for granting full ______ freedom founded by R______ W______

Answer 34

Rhode Island → religious → Roger Williams

Question 35

The R______ A______ C______ (1663) was rechartered in 1672 to monopolize the ______ trade.

Answer 35

Royal Adventurers → slave

Question 36

Pennsylvania (1681) was a ______ colony founded by W______ P______ as a "holy experiment."

Answer 36

Quaker → William Penn

Question 37

London’s ______ trade (e.g. coal from N______) fueled its growth as Europe’s leading ______ hub.

Answer 37

coastal → Newcastle → distribution

Question 38

The 1667 R______ B______ Act mandated ______-resistant materials after the Great Fire.

Answer 38

Rebuilding → fire

Question 39

Dutch vs. English trade: * Dutch led in ______ and ______. * English focused on ______ and ______ post-1651.

Answer 39

finance → spices → colonies → re-exports

Question 40

Indentured servitude (pre-1670) vs. slavery (post-1670): * Indentured: ______-year contracts. * Enslaved: ______ for life.

Answer 40

7 → hereditary