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HDS 2021 > Commercial Explosives > Flashcards

Commercial Explosives Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of an explosion

A

A chemical reaction in a n exceedingly short period of time producing high temperatures and a large quantity of gas

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2
Q

What are the 3 effects of combustion

A

heat, light, and release of gasses

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3
Q

What effect differentiates detonation, explosions, and burning

A

The rate of combustion

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4
Q

What are the 4 effects of an explostion

A

radiation, fragmentation, heat, and pressure

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of fragmentation and what are their definitions

A

Primary (fragmentation resulting from the bursting of the explosive container)
Secondary (fragmentation resulting from the impact of the primary fragmentation and pressure on other objects in the blast radius

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6
Q

What are the effects of hear/ incendiary in an explostion

A

Radiant heat, direct flame

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7
Q

What are 3 types of blast pressure

A

shockwave
positive
negative

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of positive pressure

A

blast pushes away objects, it is fast and in short duration

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9
Q

What are some characteristics of negative pressure

A

Pulls objects back towards the blast, slower and longer in duration

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10
Q

What are other effects of a blast

A

Focusing-directing a blast in direction
reflecting-bouncing the blast pressure off of hard objects
shielding- shielding objects by placing hard objects between yourself and the site of the blast

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of explosives

A

explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics

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12
Q

What 2 substances must an explosive contain

A

Oxidizer and fuel

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13
Q

What is the difference between an explosive mixture and explosive compound

A
  • A mixture is 2 or more substances physically combined but retain their independent physical properties (FOX)
  • A compound is 2 or more substances molecularly bonded to become a new substance (monomolecular)
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14
Q

What is the difference between low and high explosives

A
  • Low explosives burn at a rapid rate and require a container to build pressure (less than 3300 fps)
  • High explosives detonate and require no container. (3300fps and above)
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15
Q

What is the difference between a high order and a low order

A
  • high order detonation consumes all explosives

- low order detonation results in partial or incomplete detonation

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16
Q

Why are explosives nitrated

A

to add oxidizers to the explosive

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17
Q

Why are additives put into explosives

A

To change characteristics, ie increase or decrease heat or sensitivity

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18
Q

Why is a detonator blasting cap used with high explosive trains

A

to initiate a shock wave

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19
Q

What is the difference between high and low explosive train

A

the rate of detonation vs. explosion burn

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20
Q

How does the force of an explosion compress its surroundings

A

spherically

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21
Q

How are military and commercial explosives different

A

Cap sensitivity, Military explosives are less sensitive than commercial so that soldiers may minimize the risk of detonation

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22
Q

Define energy as it relates to characteristics of a chemical explosive

A

Ability to do work

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23
Q

Define Strength power as it relates to characteristics of chemical explosives

A

Ability to do useful work

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24
Q

What gives an explosive the ability to push, shove, or heave a solid

A

cratering effect

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25
Q

Define hygroscopicity

A

Ability to absorb moisture

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26
Q

What factors affect the efficiency and functioning of a shaped charge

A

composition, angles, standoff, initiator

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27
Q

How does a shaped charge penetrate its target

A

by a focused jet of hot gas (known as the monroe effect)

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28
Q

What are the 2 classes of high explosives

A

primary and secondary

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29
Q

What are characteristics of primary explosives

A

very sensitive to heat, shock, friction, flame

30
Q

What are characteristics of secondary explosives

A

less sensitive to heat shock friction flame

31
Q

What is the difference between military and commercial dynamite

A

Military has NO nitro-glycerin. composition is 75% RDX, 15% TNT, 5% corn starch and 5% plasticizer

32
Q

What is permissible dynamite

A

Dynamite with sodium chloride added to reduce flame and temperature. Has red or black bands

33
Q

What is the difference between non-initiating and secondary explosives

A

Nothing they are the same

34
Q

What is the laboratory standard by which all military explosives are compared too

A

TNT, RE-factor 1, Detonation velocity is 22,600 fps

35
Q

What is the chemical makeup for composition C-4

A

91% RDX, 9% plasticizer and motor oil

36
Q

Describe strait dynamite

A

Dynamite that is 100 % nitroglycerin

37
Q

Describe dynamite that is marked “strength”

A

dynamite that does the equivalent work to strait dynamite

38
Q

What is the main explosive component of military M1 dynamite

A

RDX

39
Q

What are 2 characteristics of a blasting agent

A

Not cap sensitive, require a booster, example-ammonium nitrate

40
Q

Describe the explosive mixture of ANFO

A

94% AN, 6% fuel oil

41
Q

What is the minimum priming temperature of TOVEX

A

40 degrees

42
Q

When binary explosives are mixed they are

A

explosive

43
Q

What is the most hazardous explosive compound ? What is it composed of?

A

Black Powder, 75% potassium nitrate, 15% charcoal, 10% sulfur

44
Q

What is used in safety and time fuzes and how is it identified

A

black powder and a black core

45
Q

What does the center core of det. cord contain

A

PETN, HMX, and RDX

46
Q

When can propellant reach detonating velocities

A

when boosted with a cap and confined

47
Q

What is the definition of an explosive train

A

a train of combustible and explosive elements arranged in order of decreasing sensitivity

48
Q

What is the definition of primary explosives

A

primary explosives are sensitive explosives that ( almost always) detonate by simple ignition from heat shock or friction

49
Q

What is the definition of a shockwave

A

It’s the increase pressure that is generated by forcing air away from an exploding charge. This is referred to as the positive pressure wave, when the void is filled by air returning to that void it is referred to as the negative pressure wave

50
Q

What is the definition of secondary/ tertiary explosives

A

explosives that require initiation by primary explosive. boosters act as a bridge between the initiator and an explosive charge that cannot be initiated by a blasting cap

51
Q

What is a detonation

A

it’s explosive reaction that moves faster than the speed of sound (+1125 fps)

52
Q

What is deflagration

A

The rapid combustion at a rate less than the speed of sound

53
Q

What is a binary explosive

A

explosives consisting of 2 separate components (oxidizer and fuel) when combined the resulting mixture in an explosive material

54
Q

What explosive is used in non-electric blasting caps

A

Mercury fulminate WAS REPLACED WITH DDNP

55
Q

What explosive is used in electric blasting caps

A

lead styphnate, intermediate charge of Lead azide, base charge of RDX

56
Q

What explosive is used in small arms primer’s and blasting caps

A

Lead styphnate (brown looks like cinnamon)

57
Q

What are the 3 types of blasting caps

A

electric, non-electric (Lead styphnate, lead azide, rdx), electronic (has a programmable micro-chip)

58
Q

Will squibs or electric matches initiate secondary explosives

A

No

59
Q

What is the explosive found in shock-tube and what is shock-tube used for

A

Aluminized HMX and used to initiate non-electric blasting caps

60
Q

Shock tube is used to connect an explosive train by what

A

Transmitting a shockwave through a hollow tube at 6500 fps

61
Q

What is the most sensitive of secondary explosives

A

Nitroglycerin ( used in nitro-dynamite)

62
Q

What is used as the base explosive in many commercial explosives

A

TNT (trinitrotoluene)

63
Q

What is PETN used for

A

Commonly used for det-cord, the main charge in blasting caps, boosters, and commercial shaped charges

64
Q

What is RDX used for

A

Commonly used as the base explosive for many other commercial explosives, a combination of COMP-a, b, c, and semtex

65
Q

What is important to know about TOVEX

A

Tovex can be submerged in water or poured into a hole as a slurry, it has a water-gel texture

66
Q

What type of explosive is ammonium nitrate

A

a binary secondary explosive

67
Q

What is DETA sheet used for

A

cutting shaped charges, water bottle shots, hydro jets

68
Q

Where is semtex made and why is it important

A

made in the czech republic, commonly used by bad guys, quality control

69
Q

What 3 explosives fillers can the center core of de-cord contain

A

PETN, RDX, AND HMX

70
Q

When can propellants reach detonating velocities

A

when boosted with a cap, when confined (pipe)

HDS 2021 (24 decks)

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