Common Bacterial Infections Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
what is an acute infection
A
when a microbe lives inside a host for a short period of time
2
Q
what is a chronic infection
A
dormant or persistent infection
3
Q
what is a latent infection
A
lasts the lifetime of the host
4
Q
definition of opportunistic
A
pathogens that take advantage of weakened immune system or altered microbiota
5
Q
what is primary infection
A
the first time a person is exposed to and infected by a pathogen - the body has no defence against the pathogen
6
Q
what is secondary infection
A
infection that occurs during or after treatment for another infection
7
Q
what is septicaemia
A
bloodstream infection
when infection of another part of the body enters the bloodstream
8
Q
what is toxaemia
A
blood poisoning from toxins from a local bacterial infection
9
Q
what virus causes URTIs
A
streptococcus pyogenes
10
Q
what are the symptoms of URTIs
A
inflamed tonsils, difficulty swallowing, fever, headache
11
Q
what are the complications of URTIs
A
scarlet fever, tonsillar abcesses, otitis media, sinusitis, bacteraemia, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, invasive infection
12
Q
what virus causes acute otitis media
A
streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae
13
Q
what are the symptoms of otitis media
A
pain in the ear, hearing loss, dizziness, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea
14
Q
what bacteria causes conjunctivitis
A
staphylococcus, streptococcus, haemophilus
15
Q
what is the treatment for conjunctivitis
A
topical chloramphenicol
16
Q
what are the symptoms of conjunctivitis
A
redness in the white of the eye, increased amount of tears, thick yellow discharge that crusts over the eyelashes, green or white discharge from the eye, burning/itchy eyes, blurred vision, increased sensitivity to light
17
Q
what are the infectious causes of conjunctivitis
A
bacterial, viral, allergic, reactive, STI associated
18
Q
what STIs are associated with conjunctivitis
A
neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis
19
Q
what causes acute bronchitis (LRTI)
A
inflammation of the trachea and bronchi
20
Q
what virus causes LRTIs
A
mycoplasma pneumoniae
21
Q
what are the symptoms of LRTIs
A
cough, shortness of breath, fever, chest pains
22
Q
what is one complication of LRTIs
A
secondary infection from streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae
23
Q
what is chronic bronchitis
A
LRTI, inflammation of trachea and bronchi
24
Q
what causes chronic bronchitis
A
smoking or other irritants, can be exacerbated by bacterial infection by streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenzae
25
wat are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis
persistent cough (>3 months), excessive mucous secretion
26
what does COPD stand for
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
27
what is pneumonia
LRTI, infection of lungs and the inflammation of alveoli
28
what causes pneumonia
streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus
29
what are the symptoms of pneumonia
fever, cough (productive), shortness of breath, difficulty/pain on breathing
30
what is tuberculosis
LRTI, infection of the lungs
31
what causes tuberculosis
myobacterium tuberculosis
32
what are the symptoms of tuberculosis
persistent productive cough (>3 weeks), blood in sputum, chest pain, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, fatigue
33
what tests help diagnose tuberculosis
chest x-ray, sputum smear
34
what causes an ascending UTI
entry of e.coli through the urethra
35
what causes a descending UTI
infection from blood, usually by staphylococci
36
what factors predispose to ascending UTIs
length of urethra, catheterisation, disruption of normal urine flow, age, diabetes
37
what are the symptoms of an ascending UTI (lower urinary tract)
difficulty passing urine, can be asymptomatic in elderly or catheterised patients, urine may be cloudy
38
what are the symptoms of an ascending UTI (upper urinary tract)
fewer UTI symptoms, fever, haematuria
39
what infectious agents cause STIs
bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoa
40
what are the symptoms of chlamydia in women
discharge, pelvic pain (pelvic inflammatory disease), infertility
41
what are the symptoms of chlamydia in men
discharge, inflammation of epididymis/prostate/urethra, infertility
42
what are the complications for an adult with chlamydia
sterility, kidney disease, trachoma
43
what are the implications for a baby whose mother has chlamydia
premature birth, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal conjunctivitis, pneumonia
44
what is the method of diagnosis for chlamydia
urine sample or swab
45
what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea in women
discharge, pelvic pain (pelvic inflammatory disease), infertility
46
what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea in men
discharge, inflammation of epididymis,prostate/urethra, infertility
47
what are complications of gonorrhoea for women
sterility, systemic infection
48
what are implications for a baby whose mother has gonorrhoea
neonatal conjunctivitis leading to blindness
49
how is gonorrhoea diagnosed
swab from cervix or urethra to detect bacteria specific antibodies
50
what bacteria causes the dental infection caries
streptococcus mutans
51
what bacteria causes peridontal disease
bacteroides, actinomyces
52
what type of infection is oral thrush
opportunistic superinfection
53
what fungal agent causes oral thrush
candida albicans
54
what bacteria cause GI infections
e.coli, salmonella, shigella, campylobacter
55
what virus can cause GI infections
rotavirus
56
what are the two types of e.coli
enterohaemorrhagic, enterotoxigenic
57
what is the infectious process of enterohaemorrhagic e.coli
bacteria bind to epithelial cells on large intestine, produce toxins which cause diarrhoes, can cause haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic-uraemic syndrome
58
what is the infectious process of enterotoxigenic e.coli
bacteria bind to epithelial cells of small intestine, produce plasmid-associated toxins which cause diarrhoes, 'travellers diarrhoes'
59
what diseases can salmonella cause
self-limiting diarrhoea, typhoid fever
60
what causes self limiting diarrhoea
salmonella from raw meat, poultry, eggs, unprocessed milk
salmonella enteritidis
salmonella typhimurium
61
what is the process of salmonella infection causing diarrhoea
bacteria invade epithelial cells in terminal portion of small intestine, this introduces inflammatory response which causes diarrhoes
62
what causes typhoid fever
salmonella in contaminated water
salmonella serovar typhi
salmonella serovar paratyphi
63
what is the process of infection causing typhoid fever
bacteria penetrate gut mucosa, divide in macrophages, transported to lymph nodes and discharged into bloodstream where they may infect organs, causes fever and malaise which progress to cause acute illness
64
what disease does campylobacter cause
self-limiting diarrhoea from poultry, milk or water
65
what is the most common cause of food poisoning
bacterial toxin campylobacter
66
what bacterial toxin is found in poorly stored food
bacillus cereus
67
what is antibiotic associated diarrhoea
an opportunistic superinfection following treatment with broad spectrum abx
68
what organisms cause antibiotic-associated diarrhoea
overgrowth of candida albicans
| overgrowth by clostridium difficile
69
what is clostridium difficile
obligate anaerobe spore-forming bacteria, resistant to many abx
70
where is clostridium difficile found
naturally in gut of healthy individuals but can be spread by healthcare workers
71
what are the effects of clostridium difficile
produces toxins which cause diarrhoes and abdominal cramps
| can cuse severe bloody diarrhoea, pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon
72
what bacteria cause bacterial meningitis
neisseria meningitidis (most common), streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza
73
what are the symptoms of bacterial meningitis
severe headache, fever, aching muscles and joints, drowsiness, neck stiffness, rash (sign of sepsis)
74
what is the treatment for bacterial meningitis
benzypenicillin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone
75
how can bacterial meningitis be prevented
vaccination
| HiB, MenC, ACWY-135, pneumococcal vaccines
76
what bacteria causes opportunistic infections of the skin
staphylococcus aureus
77
what is the name of a spreading infection of the epidermis
impetigo
78
what is the name of a spreading infection in the dermis
erysipelas
79
what is the name of infections in and around hair follicles
boils, folliculitis
80
what is the name of spreading infection in underlying connective tissue
cellulitis
81
what is used in the treatment of boils and folliculitis
heat, drain pus, oral abx if severe
82
what is used in the treatment of impetigo
abx, topical or oral if widespread
83
what is the treatment used for cellulitis
abx, oral or IV if severe
84
what type of infection is gangrene
soft tissue infection
85
what bacteria causes gangrene
s.aureus, s.pyogenes
86
what is dry gangrene
impaired blood supply, no bacterial infection
87
what is wet gangrene
impaired blood supply and bacterial infection
88
what type of gangrene does not involve bacterial infection
dry
89
what is the treatment for gangrene
surgery, antibiotics
90
what bacteria causes lyme disease
borrelia burgdorferi
91
how is lyme disease transmitted
by tick carrying bacteria while feeds from host, the initial infection is in the dermis
92
what is the process of lyme disease infection
tick carrying bacteria transmits to host, initial infection in dermis, infected tick bite produces red rash, leads to systemic infection (flu like symptoms)
93
how is lyme disease treated
with abx
94
what are the complications if lyme disease is untreated
arthritis, muscle weakness and heart damage
95
what are the symptoms of osteomyelitis
pain, fever, pus in blood vessels in bone, dead areas
96
what bacteria causes osteomyelitis
s.aureus
| causes infection of bone
97
what bacteria causes septic arthritis
s.aureus
causes infections of joints
often following local infections
98
what are the symptoms of sceptic arthritis
pain, swelling, redness, fever
99
what is the treatment for sceptic arthritis
surgery like joint replacement
100
what is the treatment for infections of bone and joints
4-6 weeks abx
removal or damaged tissue (bone)
drainage (joints)
101
what is the name of an infection of the heart
endocarditis
102
what causes endocarditis
biofilm infection of inner layers of the heart (valves)
| caused by streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci
103
what are the symptoms of endocarditis
temperature, heart murmur
104
how is endocarditis diagnosed
electrocardiography
| blood cultures often come back negative
105
what is the treatment for endocarditis
penicillin (vancomycin) and aminoglycoside
106
how does sepsis occur
from severe bacterial infection in blood
| as an immune response to infection
107
what are the symptoms of sepsis
high temp, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, extreme pain or discomfort, erythrematous rash
108
what is septic shock
systemic inflammation damages tissue and interferes with blood flow which causes multiple organ failure
109
what is the treatment for sepsis
long term abx therapy
110
what is clostridium difficile
opportunistic infection
overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the bowel, associated with previous antibiotic administration
faecal-oral administration from spore contact
associated colitis and diarrhoea
111
where is c. diff found
naturally in the bowel, it starts infecting when it overgrows
it produces spores that can survive outside the body and on hard surfaces
112
what is MRSA
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
can cause invasive infection
treatment with glycopeptide
113
what is GISA/GRSA
glycopeptide intermediate/resistant staph aureus
114
what is VRE/GRE
vancomycin/glycopeptide resistant enterococci
| treatment us linezolid or tigecycline
115
what is betalactamase resistance
resistant to enzymes produced by gram negative bacteria leads to resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins
reports of colistin resistant strains
116
what are the five stewardship considerations for every patient in hospitals
diagnosis/severity, agent/s, route, dose, duration or review date, monitoring and safety netting
