Common imaging technique

Question 1

Dense material shows up as ____ on X-rays

Answer 1

white

Question 2

what is considered to be dense material?

Answer 2

bone and metal

Question 3

Air in lungs shows up as ___ on X-rays

Answer 3

Black

Question 4

Fat and muscle shows up as ___ on X-rays

Answer 4

Shades of grey

Question 5

When is X-ray used for bones and teeth?

Answer 5

Fractures and infections
Bone tumours
Osteoporosis

Question 6

When is x-rays used for chest?

Answer 6

Lung infections/conditions (pneumonia)
Breast cancer
Enlarged heart

Question 7

When is X-rays used for abdomen?

Answer 7

Swallowed items
Digestive tract problems

Question 8

What is the ABCS approach of X-ray interpretation?

Answer 8

Alignment and joint space
Bone texture
Cortices
Soft tissues

Question 9

What to look for in alignment and joint space?

Answer 9

Fracture/subluxation/dislocation
Narrowing due to cartilage loss, calcification, new bone formation

Question 10

What to look for in bone texture?

Answer 10

Altered density or disruption

Question 11

What to look for in cortices?

Answer 11

Trace around the bone as a step on the cortex may indicate fracture or other pathology

Question 12

What to look for in soft tissues?

Answer 12

Swelling
Foreign bodies
Effusion

Question 13

Risk considerations for X-ray

Answer 13

Small amount of radiation exposed to is safe
Safe for adults
Not safe for developing fetus
Children more sensitive to radiation then adults

Question 14

CT scan stands for what

Answer 14

Computerized tomography

Question 15

What is a CT scan?

Answer 15

Combines a series of X-ray images at different angles and makes it into slices of bones/vessels/soft tissues

Question 16

Which of CT scan or X-ray gives more radiation?

Answer 16

CT scan

Question 17

Why is CT scan used?

Answer 17

diagnose muscle or bone disorder
pinpoint location of infection, tumor, fracture
guide procedures such as surgery, biopsy, and radiation therapy
detect and monitor diseases and conditions
monitor the effectiveness of certain treatments (cancer ex)
detect internal injuries and internal bleeding

Question 18

Purpose of the fluid injected into knee for CT scan

Answer 18

Allows radiologist to evaluate meniscus tear or chondromalacia patella

Question 19

Why is diagnostic ultrasound safe?

Answer 19

No radiation/no biological effects

Question 20

Physiology of ultrasound

Answer 20

High frequency sound waves that bounce off of tissue and organs to create a multi-dimensional image

Question 21

What is the gold standard for RC tears?

Answer 21

Ultrasound and CT scan

Question 22

Why is ultrasound not a good choice for ACL and PCL?

Answer 22

Too deep

Question 23

Physiology of MRI

Answer 23

Technique that uses magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues in the body

Question 24

Theory behind the magnetic field for MRI

Answer 24

Temporarily realigns hydrogen atoms in your body
Radio waves cause these aligned atoms to produce very faint signals, which are used to create cross-sectional MRI images

Question 25

Does the MRI expose the patient to radiation?

Answer 25

NOPE

Question 26

Gold standard for diagnosing soft tissues injuries

Answer 26

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Question 27

MRI for brain and spinal cord

Answer 27

Aneurysms of cerebral vessels Disorders of the eye and inner ear Multiple sclerosis Spinal cord injuries Stroke Tumors Brain injury from trauma

Question 28

MRI for heart and blood vessels

Answer 28

Size and function of the heart's chambers Thickness and movement of the walls of the heart The extent of damage caused by heart attack or heart disease Structural problems in the aorta Inflammation or blockages in the blood vessels

Question 29

MRI for internal organs

Answer 29

Check for tumors or abnormalities of: liver/bile ducts/kidneys/spleen/pancreas/uterus/ovaries/prostate

Question 30

Absolute contraindications of MRI

Answer 30

Cardiac implants Metal pieces Drug infusion pumps Artificial limb Hearing aid

Question 31

Relative contraindications for MRI

Answer 31

Tattoos less than 6 weeks old Shunts Medication patch Joint placement or prosthesis Pt unable to obey breathing instructions or has severe claustrophobia BMI (unable to fit in)

Question 32

Normal MRI magnetic field strength is ___ Tesla vs Open MRI is less than ___ Tesla

Answer 32

1.5-2.0 vs 0.5

Question 33

Which of T1 or T2 is better for inflammation?

Answer 33

T2

Question 34

T1 vs T2-weighted - CSF/fluid

Answer 34

T1 = dark T2 = bright (white)

Question 35

T1 vs T2-weighted - muscle

Answer 35

T1 = grey T2 = dark grey

Question 36

T1 vs T2-weighted - Spinal cord

Answer 36

T1 = grey T2 = light grey

Question 36

T1 vs T2-weighted - Fat

Answer 36

T1 = bright T2 = light

Question 36

T1 vs T2-weighted - Disc (intact and hydrated)

Answer 36

T1 = grey T2 = bright

Question 37

T1 vs T2-weighted - Air

Answer 37

T1 = very dark T2 = very dark

Question 37

T1 vs T2-weighted - Inflammation

Answer 37

T1 = dark T2 = bright

Question 38

Most of common location of stress fractures?

Answer 38

Tibia

Question 39

Goal of DEXA Scan

Answer 39

Measure density of bone tissue, does not produce high quality picture

Question 40

How does DEXA works?

Answer 40

Uses low levels of x-ray to measure how dense your bones are

Question 41

What is a bone scan used for?

Answer 41

Used to detect stress fracture of the long bones and vertebrae, DDD, infections and tumors of the bone

Question 42

How does the bone scan work?

Answer 42

Injection of isotopes several hours before scan to show increased areas of increased activity

Question 43

X-rays do not show stress fractures unless ___ of bone loss, while bone scans show at ___

Answer 43

30-50% 4-5%

Question 44

What is a bone scan used for?

Answer 44

Arthritis Avascular necrosis Bone cancers Fractures Fibrous dysplasia Paget's disease Infections involving bone

Question 45

What is EMG used for?

Answer 45

As a diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them.

Question 46

What does the EMG reveal?

Answer 46

Reveal nerve dysfunction, muscle dysfunction or problems with nerve to muscle signal transmission

Question 47

Why get an EMG done?

Answer 47

Tingling Numbness Muscle weakness Muscle pain/cramping