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Common skin conditions in horses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are common skin conditions in horses?

A
  1. Conditions that cause pruritus
  2. Conditions that cause crusting, scaling, erosion and/or ulceration
  3. Cutaneous swellings, nodules and tumours
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2
Q

What are the 2 causes of pruritus?

A
  1. Parasitic skin disease
  2. Hypersensitivities (allergies)
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3
Q

What are the parasitic causes?

A
  1. Lice (pediculosis) - most common
  2. Mites (mange)
  3. Ticks
  4. Nematodes
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4
Q

What are the 2 types of lice + where are they found?

A
  • Werneckiella (previously Damalinia equi)
  • Biting louse: feeds on epidermal debri
  • Dorsolateral trunk, neck, and face
  • Haematopinus asini
  • Sucking louse: feeds on blood
  • Mane and tail, fetlock and pastern
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5
Q

When are lice more common?

A

Winter - bigger coats

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6
Q

How are lice diagnosed?

A

*Coat brushes
*Hair plucks

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7
Q

How are lice treated?

A

pyrethrins
pyrethroids
permethrin
fipronil
*Treat originally + again 2 weeks later

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8
Q

What are the different mites that can cause pruritus?

A
  • Dermanyssus gallinae
  • Trombicula autumnalis
  • Psoroptes equi
  • Sarcoptes scabiei
  • Chorioptes equi
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9
Q

Where is chorioptes seen?

A
  • Distal limbs –lots of feathers (Draft
    breeds and Cobs)
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10
Q

What does chorioptes equi cause?

A
  • Intense pruritus with stamping/scratching/chewing of
    feet
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11
Q

Where does sarcoptes affect? Why is it a concern?

A

*Affects entire body
*Problem as zoonotic

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12
Q

What parts of the body does Psoroptes equi affect?

A
  • Forelock, main and tail
    → Trunk
  • Ears: headshaking
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13
Q

Where does trombicula affect? Why is it different?

A

*Different - larvae of free living mite = problem
* Face, distal limbs, ventral
thorax and abdomen

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14
Q

What is Dermanyssus gallinae? Where does it affect?

A

*Poultry mite
*Head + legs

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15
Q

How are mites diagnosed?

A

Skin brushings

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16
Q

How are mites treated?

A

*NO LICENSED PRODUCTS
– Inject macrocyclic lactones
* 2 injections, 2 weeks apart (SubCut)
– Topical macrocyclic lactones
* Once every 4 weeks
– Topical shampoos: lime sulphur shampoo, selenium sulphate shampoo, topical ivermectin

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17
Q

What nematodes can cause pruritus?

A

Oxyuris equi - pinworm

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18
Q

Where does the pinworm cause itching?

A

Perianal pruritus

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19
Q

What are different causes of hypersensitivities? (5)

A
  1. Insect hypersensitivity
  2. Food allergy
  3. Contact allergy
  4. Atopy
  5. Urticaria
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20
Q

What causes insect bite hypersensitivity?

A

*Culicoides spp
‘sweet itch’

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21
Q

Where does culicoides affect?
What are risk factors?
What is the treatment?

A
  • Main, back, tail, ventrum
  • Risks: standing water, dawn
    and dusk
  • Treatment:
    1. Avoid midge contact
    2. Improve skin integrity
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22
Q

What does food allergy cause?

A
  • Pruritus
    ± diarrhoea
    ± respiratory signs
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23
Q

How is atopy hypersensitivity diagnosed?

A
  • Diagnosis: EXCLUSION
    (intradermal skin testing can help
    identify allergens)
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24
Q

How is atopy hypersensitivity treated?

A
  • Treatment:
  • Avoid allergen
  • Immunotherapy
  • Corticosteroids/Antihistamines
  • Improve Skin Barrier Function
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25
What does urticaria/hives hypersensitivity cause?
*Wheals *Oedema *Pruritus
26
How is urticaria / hives hypersensitivity treated?
*Corticosteroids *Antihistamines
27
What is the difference between scaling + crust?
Scale = dry + grey - excess keratin Crusting = yellow, red, brown - wet + damp
28
What is the difference between erosion+ ulceration?
Erosion = superficial Ulceration = deeper
29
What can cause crusting, scaling, erosion or ulceration?
* Dermatophilosis (Rain Scald) * Bacterial folliculitis * Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) * Photosensitization * Leukocytoclastic vasculitis * Pastern dermatitis * Pemphigus foliaceous
30
What causes rain scald?
Dermatophilus congolensis
31
What area is affected by rain scald?
* Chronic moisture + skin damage * Lesion: crust, moist mats of hair * Back, gluteal area, face, neck extremities
32
How is rain scald diagnosed?
Cytology - smear pus on slide
33
How is rain scald treated?
* Topical: mild cases * Systemic antimicrobials: severe cases
34
What causes bacterial folliculitis?
Staphylococcus (+streptococcus) -Painful lesions
35
How is bacterial folliculitis diagnosed?
Cytology Culture
36
What is the treatment of bacterial folliculitis?
* Topical: mild cases * Systemic antimicrobials: severe cases
37
What causes ringworm?
Trichophyton Microsporum
38
What animals are affected by ringworm?
Young Immunocompromised
39
What are the clinical signs of ringworm?
Circular patches of alopecia
40
How is ringworm diagnosed?
Fungal culture PCR microscopy
41
What is the treatment of ringworm?
Topical antifungals (natamycin, enilconazole, miconazole)
42
What are the 2 causes of photosensitization?
1.Hepatogenous - liver failure - ragwort 2. Ingestion / application of photodynamic agent - St. John's wort
43
Where are lesions of photosensitization most common?
White areas
44
How is photosensitization diagnosed?
Signs Blood tests
45
How is photosensitization treated?
*Treat liver disease *Removal of agent
46
What parts of the body does leukocytoclastic vasculitis affect?
-non pigmented areas of distal limb (lateral) -V PAINFUL
47
How is Leukocytoclastic vasculitis diagnosed?
Clinical signs Skin biopsy
48
How is Leukocytoclastic vasculitis treated?
*Avoid exposure to light *Corticosteroids
49
What can cause pastern dermatitis?
*Infectious agent *Inflammatory *Chronic disease
50
Where does pastern dermatitis affect?
Between hoof + fetlock
51
What is pemphigus foliaceous + what does it cause?
*Rare - autoimmune disease *Causes severe crusting
52
How is pemphigus foliaceous diagnosed?
Skin biopsy
53
How is pemphigus foliaceous treated?
Immunosuppressive drugs
54
What can cause cutaneous swellings, nodules + tumours? (5)
1. Viral Papillomatosis 2. Warbles 3. Genetic / developmental 4. Eosinophilic granuloma 5. Tumours - Sarcoid - Melanoma - Squamous cell carcinoma - Other: mast cell tumour, lymphoma
55
What are the causes of viral papillomatosis? How is it treated?
1.Grass warts - muzzle + face of young horses 2. Pinnal Acanthosis / aural placks NO TREATMENT NEEDED
56
What are warbles?
Hypoderma bovis HYpoderma lineatum NOTIFIABLE
57
What is the treatment of warbles?
*Enlargement of pore to remove central grub *Surgical removal
58
What are the genetic/ developmental causes of cutaneous swellings + nodules + tumours?
* Dentigerous cyst * Atheroma * Dermoid cyst * Vascular hamartoma
59
What is an eosinophilic granuloma?
Collagen necrosis -0.5-10cm -non painful + non pruritic
60
How is an eosinophilic granuloma diagnosed + treated?
* Diagnosis: skin biopsy * Treatment: surgical removal
61
What is the most common skin tumour in horses?
Sarcoid
62
What are sarcoids/ causes??
* Fibroblasts * Bovine Papillomavirus 1 and 2 * Genetic predisposition * Flies
63
What are the 6 clinical presentations of sarcoids?
*Occult sarcoid *Verrucose sarcoid *Nodular sarcoid *Fibroblastic sarcoid *Mixed sarcoid *Malignant sarcoid
64
How is a sarcoid diagnosed?
Biopsy
65
How are sarcoids treated?
– Surgery / Laser Removal – ‘Immune’ therapy = BCG Injections – Cytotoxics (topical & injection) – Antimitotics (AW4/5) (topical) – Photodynamic therapy – Brachytherapy = Iridium-wires (not available, but>90% successful)
66
What are the 4 rules of sarcoids?
– RULE 1: The more they have the more they get – RULE 2: The fewer they have the fewer they get – RULE 3: Multiply over summer & grow over winter – RULE 4: A single sarcoid implies (genetic) susceptibility
67
How common are melanomas? Benign/malignant? Where are they found?
*V common - (80% of grey horses >15y/o) *Mostly benign *Locations = perineum, tail head, parotid region
68
How is a melanoma diagnosed?
Clinical signs Biopsy
69
How is a melanoma treated?
Surgical excision Immunotherapy
70
What animals are squamous cell carcinoma most common in?
Poorly pigmented animals
71
What are the common locations of squamous cell carcinoma?
External genitalia Eye
72
How is a squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed?
Clinical signs Biopsy
73
What is the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma?
*surgical excision *cryotherapy *chemotherapy
74
What tumours are less common but found solitary on head + proximal limb and males are predisposed?
Mast cell tumours
75
When do melanomas tend to be more aggressive?
When not in a grey horse

MOD (103 decks)

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