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MOD > Tendons, ligaments + muscles > Flashcards

Tendons, ligaments + muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What do tendons do?

A

*Transfer force generated by muscle to bony attachments
*Support joints
*Store energy

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2
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

*Attach / stabilise bones/joints
*Protect tendons
*Proprioception

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3
Q

What type of collagen are tendons?

A

*95% collagen type I
*1-5% type III

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4
Q

What type of collagen are ligaments?

A

*90% collagen type I
*10% type III

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5
Q

What type of injuries can occur to tendons/ligaments?

A

*Extrinsic - external trauma (laceration)
*Intrinsic - overload / degenerative
*Intrasynovial / extrasynovial
*Extensor vs Flexor tendon

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6
Q

How are tendon / ligament injuries diagnosed?

A

*History - age, type, previous injury, recent exercise, wound / laceration
*Clinical exam - stance / gait, palpation
*Diagnostic imaging - ultrasound, radiography, MRI

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7
Q

What should be assessed with ultrasound in tendon / ligament disorders?

A

*Change in cross sectional area
*Fibre echogenicity
*Margination
*Position - rupture
*Focal lesion vs generalised changes
*Acute vs chronic changes
*Blood flow to assess neovascularisation

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute inflammatory phase of tendon / ligament injury?

A

*Lameness
*Pain on palpation
*Heat
*Swelling

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9
Q

What is the pathology of acute inflammatory phase of tendon / ligament injury?

A

*Haemorrhage
*Inflammation
-neutrophils
-macrophages + monocytes
-oedema
-proteolytic enzymes

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10
Q

What are the treatment principles of acute inflammatory phase of tendon / ligament injury?

A

*Limit inflammation - cold therapy / NSAIDs
*Protect limb / reduce further damage - supporting bandage / rest

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of proliferative phase of tendon / ligament injury?

A

*Reduction / absence of lameness
*Resolution of signs of inflammation
*Tendon still palpably enlarged
*signs of re-injury if exercised too early

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12
Q

What is the pathology of proliferative phase of tendon / ligament injury?

A

*Angiogenesis
*Fibroplasia

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13
Q

What are the treatment principles of proliferative phase of tendon / ligament injury?

A

*Promote angiogenesis
*Minimise formation of excessive scar tissue
*Early exercise if lesion filled in

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of tissue modelling phase of tendon / ligament injury?

A

*Stiffer / thicker tendon

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15
Q

What is the pathology of tissue modelling phase of tendon / ligament injury?

A

*Fibrosis
*Gradual change from collagen III to I

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16
Q

What are the treatment principles of tissue modelling phase of tendon / ligament injury?

A

*increased loading + exercise programme
*Improve fitness
*Monitor progress by repeat ultrasound exam

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17
Q

What is an example of a laceration injury + how would you treat it?

A

*Flexor tendon laceration
*Repair ends if feasible
*Cast

18
Q

What is an example of an avulsion fracture + how would you treat it?

A

*Collateral ligament avulsion
*Re-attach avulsed bone fragment
*Arthrodese joint
*Cast

19
Q

What is an example of an intra-synovial tendon / ligament tear + How would you treat it?

A

*SDFT tear in digital flexor tendon (horse)
*Debride torn tendon / ligament fibres

20
Q

What is an example of a joint instability + How would you treat it?

A

*Cruciate rupture in stifle (dogs)
*TPLO

21
Q

What are skeletal, smooth muscle and cardiac myopathies?

A

*Skeletal = weakness / spasm
*SMooth = retention / incontinence, hypermotility / stasis
*Cardiac = circulatory failure

22
Q

How are muscle conditions diagnosed?

A

*History
*Clinical exam - acute / chronic
*Biochemistry
*Ultrasound - acute = haematoma, chronic = fibrosis / calcification
*Muscle biopsy

23
Q

What are general reactions of muscle?

A
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy
  • Degeneration
  • Regeneration and repair
  • Calcification and ossification
  • Pigmentation
  • Circulatory disturbances
24
Q

What can cause atrophy of muscle?

A

*Disuse - reversible
*Denervation - irreversible
-Trauma / myaesthenia gravis

25
Q

What causes hypertrophy?

A

*increased workload
*Compensatory hypertrophy

26
Q

What are the 3 different types of degeneration?

A

*Cellular swelling
*Hyaline degeneration
*Granular degeneration

27
Q

When does regeneration + repair occur? What happens if it can’t regenerate?

A

*Regeneration + repair is less severe degeneration = back to normal function
*If irreversibly damaged tissue = Calcification + ossification

28
Q

What can blockage of main arteries + veins cause in cats, horses + cattle?

A

Distal aorta / iliacs
=Aortic-iliac thrombosis in horse
=Saddle thromi in cats w left sided cardiomyopathies

Venous
=blockage of large veins = congestion w leakage to muscles = muscle necrosis + fibrosis
*Occurs in prolonged recumbent large animals

29
Q

What causes white muscle disease?

A

*Selenium / vitamin E deficiency in calves

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of white muscle disease?

A

*Muscle weakness / stiffness, recumbency, dyspnoea
*Arrythmias if myocardium affected
*Myoglobinuria

31
Q

How is white muscle disease treated?

A

*Parenteral administration of selenium / vitamin E

32
Q

How does stiff lamb disease present?

A

*Neck + tongue muscle stiffness / weakness in young lambs
*Shoulder, thigh, back + intercostal muscle stiffness / weakness in older lambs
*More pronounced calcification than white muscle disease in calves

33
Q

How is stiff lamb disease treated?

A

Vitamin E / selenium supplementation

34
Q

What are the signs of acute exercise induced exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses?

A

*Unfit horse (colic signs)
*Stiffness to severe pain / recumbency
*Commonly gluteals, semitendinosus, semimembranosus affected

35
Q

How is acute exercise induced rhabdomyolysis in the horse diagnosed + treated?

A

Dx = clinical exam, muscle enzymes + myoglobinuria
Tx = Pain relief, fluid therapy, acepromazine

36
Q

How is chronic exercise induced exertional rhabdomyolysis treated?

A

*Warm up
*Avoid stress + high energy feeds

37
Q

What causes polysaccharide storage myopathy? How is it diagnosed + treated?

A

*Cause = accumulation of glycogen
*Dx = semimembranosus muscle biopsy
*Tx = diet (low carb / high fibre), oil to replace carbs for energy

38
Q

What animals does eosinophilic myositis affect? What are the clinical signs?

A

*Large breed dogs - GSD
*Acute recurrent pain + mandibular immobility
*Bilaterally enlarged temporal / masticatory muscles

39
Q

How is eosinophilic myositis treated?

A

Corticosteroids

40
Q

What are some bacterial conditions affecting muscles?

A

*Blackleg
*Malignant oedema

41
Q

What are some parasitic conditions affecting muscles?

A

*Trichonellosis
*Cysticercosis
*Toxoplasmal myositis
*Sarcocysts

42
Q

What are the signs of atypical myoglobinuria?

A
  • Acute onset, rapid and frequently fatal
  • Muscle weakness/recumbency
  • Increased CK/AST and myoglobinuria
    *Post mortem = widespread myonecrosis (skeletal + cardiac)

MOD (103 decks)

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