Common Viral Infections of The GI Tract

Question 1

Is the parvoviridae virus enveloped or non-enveloped?

Answer 1

Non-enveloped

Question 2

What does it mean whan a virus is non-enveloped?

Answer 2

The virus is stable in the environment and can last longer in the environment

Question 3

Where is DNA replication in the Parvovirus?

Answer 3

Replicates in the nucleus

Question 4

What type of genome do Parvoviridae have?

Answer 4

ssDNA

Question 5

True/False: Parvoviridae replication depends completely on host cell enzymes

Answer 5

True

Question 6

How do felines become infected with Feline Panleukopenia virus?

Answer 6

Oranasal exposure; to the lymphoid tissue where replication occurs, systemic

Question 6

What are the 2 most abundant Parvoviridae that affect small animals?

Answer 6

1. Feline Panleukopenia virus
2. Canine Parvovirus 2

Question 7

Where does the feline panleukopenia virus replicate?

Answer 7

In cells of high mitotic index

Question 8

What are some examples of tissues that have cells with a high mitotic index? (3)

Answer 8

Bone marrow
Intestinal crypts
Fetal tissue

Question 9

Are subclinical infections of feline panleukopenia virus common?

Answer 9

Yes, particularly in older cants and kittens protected by Mab

Question 10

What is the generalized disease in kittens with panleukopenia?

Answer 10

Vomiting, bloody diarrhea; cerebella hypoplasia of neonates

Question 11

Which white blood cell elements does panleukopenia involve?

Answer 11

All white blood cells: lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and platelets

Question 12

How is panleukopenia spread?

Answer 12

Direct and indirect contact (bedding, food, dishes)

Question 13

Which animals can CPV-2 infect?

Answer 13

Dogs, cats, ferret, mink

Question 14

Which animals can FPL infect

Answer 14

Cats, raccoons

Question 15

How are most infections transmitted for CPV-2?

Answer 15

Most infections result from the exposure of susceptible dogs to virus-contaminated feces

Question 16

What are the clinical signs of CPV-2?

Answer 16

Bloody diarrhea in young dogs, myocarditis in neonatal pups, widespread destruction of lymphocytes with a resultant of immunosuppression may predispose to secondary infections

Question 17

How do you diagnose parvovirus?

Answer 17

PCR
ELISA/Snap test (can result in false negative)

Question 18

What is the treatment for parvovirus?

Answer 18

-Supportive treatment
-Control with vaccination
-Isolate pups from other dogs, beginning around 6 weeks of age and continue until their vaccination series is complete
-Disinfectants must have oxidizing agent as active ingredient

Question 19

Is Reoviridae enveloped or non-enveloped?

Answer 19

Non-enveloped

Question 20

What type of genome does Reoviridae have?

Answer 20

dsRNA

Question 21

What is genetic shift?

Answer 21

Reassortment of genome segments among different strains of these viruses within the same virus species

Question 22

What type of virus is Rotavirus?

Answer 22

A Reovirus

Question 23

What is the most important subtype of rotavirus?

Answer 23

Rotavirus A

Question 24

Are the clinical signs, diagnosis, and epidemiology of rotavirus similar in all species?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

How is rotavirus transmitted?

Answer 25

Fecal-oral route --> GI tract

Question 26

How do enzymes in the GI tract affect the Rotavirus?

Answer 26

They enhance infectivity

Question 27

What part of the GI tract does the rotavirus target?

Answer 27

Intestinal epithelia at villus tips

Question 28

What happens to the villi in the GI tract and how does this affect the animal?

Answer 28

Damaged villi become shortened and covered with immature, less differentiated epithelial cells. This leads to malabsorption and maldigestion.

Question 29

What are some of the clinical signs of rotavirus?

Answer 29

-Diarrhea -Dehydration -Death

Question 30

How does milk alter bacterial growth in the gut?

Answer 30

Undigested lactose in the milk promotes bacterial growth and exerts a further osmotic effect; both mechanisms contribute to the diarrhea

Question 31

How do you diagnose rotavirus?

Answer 31

-Detection of virus with ELISA kit -RT-PCR assays- genotyping -Electron microscopy

Question 32

What is the treatment for rotavirus?

Answer 32

Supportive; hydratioin

Question 33

How do you control the transmission of Rotavirus?

Answer 33

-good hygiene -cattl vaccines available

Question 34

What is the coronaviridae morphology?

Answer 34

enveloped, pleomorphic, sphericle, charachteristic club projections on surface

Question 35

List 4 important coronaviruses for clincs

Answer 35

1. Feline coronavirus 2. Canine enteric coronavirus 3. Bovine coronavirus 4. Porcine coronavirus

Question 36

What is the entry of the coronavirus?

Answer 36

oral/nasopharyngeal

Question 37

What cells do the coronaviridae target?

Answer 37

Mature cells of intestinal villi tips leading to malabsorption and maldigestion

Question 38

Is Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV) a fatal disease?

Answer 38

No, FECV is a common virus in domestic cats that causes mild gastroenteritis and diarrhea

Question 39

What is FIP and what percentage of cats with FECV develop it?

Answer 39

Feline infection peritonitis; only about 10% (Cornell says 10%; UCDavis says <5%; NIH article says up to 12%)

Question 40

What are the two forms of FIP and how do they differ?

Answer 40

Wet: Acute onset with peritoneal or pleural effusion Dry: Protracted course with pyogranulomatous infiltration of multiple tissues

Question 41

What is the pathogenesis of FIP?

Answer 41

Involves mutant FVoV that can replicate efficiently in monocytes and macrophages, which results in dysregulation of host cell-mediated immunity and allows the virus to replicate unchecked to a high titer.

Question 42

How does canine enteric coronavirus affect dogs?

Answer 42

Causes a mild to moderate gasteroenteritis

Question 43

Is canine enteric coronavirus the same as canine respiratory coronavirus?

Answer 43

No the are two completely different viruses

Question 44

What are the three distinct clinical syndromes in cattle associated with bovine coronavirus infections?

Answer 44

Calf diarrhea Winter dysentery of adult cows Respiratory infection at various ages

Question 45

How many Porcine Coronaviruses are there and how many are associated with GI pathology?

Answer 45

5 total and 3 associated with the gut

Question 46

What are the 3 procine coronaviridae that associate with the GI tract?

Answer 46

TGEV-G PEDV-G Porcine deltacoronavirus

Question 47

What is the flaviviridae morphology and genome?

Answer 47

Enveloped ssRNA linear positive sense RNA

Question 48

Where does replication of the flavivirus occcur?

Answer 48

The cytoplasm

Question 49

What type of virus is Pestivirus?

Answer 49

Flavivirdae

Question 50

What are the pathogens of importance for pestivirus?

Answer 50

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Border Disease Virus Classical Swine Fever (hog cholera) virus -- Notifiable

Question 51

Can swine fever virus be transmitted to cattle?

Answer 51

yes

Question 52

What species can BVDV infect?

Answer 52

swine, sheep, goats, camelids, deer

Question 53

Which virus is an important cause of morbidity, mortality, and economic loss worldwide in dairy and beef cattle?

Answer 53

BVDV

Question 54

What are genotypes and biotypes of BVDV?

Answer 54

There are two different types of genotypes and 2 biotypes within each of those genotypes and the biotypes are cytopathic vs noncyopathic

Question 55

Differentiated between the cytopathic and noncytopathic viruses

Answer 55

Cytopathic viruses: Those that induce cytopathic effects in cultured cells -- Cellular vacuolation and death in cell cultures Non-cytopathic viruses: Those that induce persistent infection in cells without obvious cytopathology -- no visible cytopathic change in cell cultures

Question 56

How is BVDV transmitted?

Answer 56

Vertically and horizontally via direct/indirect

Question 57

Where does the virus replicate?

Answer 57

Lymphoid tissue

Question 58

What does the outcome of infection depend on?

Answer 58

virus (biotype, virulence) and host factors (age at time of infection, immune status, pregnancy status)

Question 59

What type of collection do you need to send in to detect the BVDV in patients?

Answer 59

Fecal matter

Question 60

What is the outcome of a BVDV in non pregnant cattle?

Answer 60

most common in first two years of life with the majority of infections being mild and will not see severe clinical signs

Question 61

What is the outcome of BVDV in pregnant/prenatal catt.e?

Answer 61

Early on in pregnancy will result in embryonic death After 125 days of development the fetus is protected from the infection by its immune system

Question 62

What if the BVDV infections occurs in pregnant cattle before day 125 with a non-cytopathic strain?

Answer 62

It leads to development of immunotolerance (seronegative) Persistent Infection -Shed high amounts of virus -Survive less than 2 years

Question 62

What types of animals display mucosal disease from BVDV?

Answer 62

Only in PI calves

Question 63

What are the clinical signs of mucosal disease?

Answer 63

PI calves, fever, anorexia, profuse diarrhea, salivation, erosions throughout GI tract, dehydration, emaciation, death

Question 64

What animals are the most important source-lifelong virus shedder?

Answer 64

PI animals

Question 65

How do you diagnose BVDV?

Answer 65

Antibody ELISA RT-PCR -> have to find virus by using PCR Antigen SNAP ELISA Virus isolation