Communicable Diseases Flashcards
(25 cards)
Name 3 types of bacteria diseases
Tuberculosis, meningitis, ring rot
Name 3 types of viruses
HIV, influenza, tobacco mosaic virus
Name 3 types of fungus diseases
Black Sigatoka, ringworm, athletes foot
Name types protoctist disease
Potato late blight, malaria
Name diseases that are from direct transmission.
HIV and athletes foot
Name diseases that are from indirect transmission.
Potato late blight and malaria
Name 3 physical defences against pathogens in plants
Waxy cuticle which stops water collecting on the leaf, which could reduce the risk of infections.
. Cell wall cellulose.
. Polysaccharide called callose. Gets deposited between plant cell walls and plasma membrane during pathogen invasion
What are some examples of chemical defences against pathogens in plants
Produce antimicrobial chemicals which kill/ inhabit their growth.
. Saponins destroy the cell membranes of fungi
. Phytoalexins which inhibit the growth of fungi
Name some examples of primary, non specific defences in animals.
Skin, mucous membrane, blood clotting, inflammation, wound repair, expulsive reflexes
Name some factors affecting the transmission of communicable diseases in animals.
Overcrowded living and working conditions
Poor nutrition
A compromised immune system
Climate change
Culture and infrastructure
Describe the structure of an antibody
Light chain, heavy chain, variable and constant region, antigen- binding sites, disulfide bridge
What lymphocyte is matured in the bone marrow
B lymphocytes
What is the role of T helper cells
CD4 receptors which bind to the surface antigens on antigen presenting cells.
Produce interleukins (cell signalling chemical)
Stimulate activity of b cells and production of other T cells which increase antibody production
Name the structure and functions of antibodies
Glycoprotein
4 polypeptide chains
Binds to specific antigen and forms a antigen antibody complex
Chains held together by disulfide bridges
What is the function of T killer cells
Destroy pathogens carrying the antigen
Produce chemical perforin which kills the pathogen by making holes in cell membrane
What is the function of T memory cells
They live long
If they meet an antigen for the second time, they divide rapidly to form many clones of T killer cells
What is the function of T regulator cells
Suppress the immune system by controlling and regulating. Once the immune system kills the pathogens they cells make sure the body don’t go into an autoimmune response
What is the difference between a vaccination and immunisation
Vaccination is the injection of antigenic material while immunisation is when a person becomes immune.
Immunisation is long term
What type of immunity refers to a baby receiving antibodies from their mother through breastfeeding
Natural passive immunity
What does the term inoculation mean
Any break in the skin e.g sex or wounds
Give examples of phagocytes
Neutrophils and macrophages
What is the function for the chemical opsonins
Chemicals that bind to pathogen and tag them so they are more easily recognised for a phagocyte to engulf
When a pathogen enters the body it may be destroyed by phagocytosis.
Describe how
Phagocytes move towards the pathogen as its attracted by chemicals
Phagocytes engulf pathogen and encloses it within a Phagosome
Lysosome fuses with the Phagosome creating a phagolysosome
Lysosome release digestive enzymes and digests pathogen
A person had chickenpox as a child. She was exposed to the virus that caused it again as a teenager but did not experience any symptoms. Explain why
When the person caught chickenpox for the first time, her B & T lymphocytes produced memory cells. When she was exposed for the second time, the B memory cells divided into plasma cells to produce the right type of antibodies to the virus. The memory T cells divided into the correct type of other T cells to kill the virus. The secondary response was quicker and stronger so it got ride of the pathogen before she showed an symptoms
