Communicable Diseases, Disease Prevention And The Immune System

Question 1

What is health

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

Question 2

What is a disease

Answer 2

A departure of good health which produces symptoms with a particular cause

Question 3

What may cause disease

Answer 3

Pathogens
Nutrient deficiency
Toxins
Genetic defects
Environmental factors
Autoimmune

Question 4

What is a pathogen

Answer 4

An organism that causes disease

Question 5

How does bacteria cause disease

Answer 5

By reproducing rapidly in host tissues by damaging cells and releasing toxins

Question 6

How do fungi grow

Answer 6

A branching network of hyphae that form a mycelium

Question 7

How do fungi cause disease

Answer 7

The secretion of enzymes to digest food extracelluary which damages the tissue causing irritation

Question 8

What are examples of fungal diseases

Answer 8

Athletes foot, thrush (animals) and black Sigatoka (crop plants)

Question 9

How do viral particles reproduce

Answer 9

Infecting a host cell where the viral genes are transcribed and translated to produce viral proteins and genome

Question 10

How do viruses cause disease

Answer 10

The virus takes over the cellular machinery to produce more viral copy’s that are then released from the host cell (when it lyses/bursts), they cause intracellular damage

Question 11

What is active immunity

Answer 11

Immunity developed through the production of antibodies in response to the antigens of a pathogen

Question 12

What’s agglutinin

Answer 12

Antibodies that cause pathogens to clump together

Question 13

What’s an antibiotic

Answer 13

A chemical which prevents the growth of microorganisms

Question 14

What are antibodies

Answer 14

Immunoglobulins produced by differentiated B lymphocytes in response to stimulation by an antigen

Question 15

What’s an antigen

Answer 15

A molecule that stimulates an immune response

Question 16

What’s an antitoxin

Answer 16

Antibodies that render toxins harmless

Question 17

What’s an antigen presenting cell

Answer 17

A cell that has ingested a pathogen and displays the pathogens antigen on its cell surface membrane

Question 18

What’s a B lymphocyte

Answer 18

A type of leucocyte that is produced and matures in the bone marrow

Question 19

What’s callose

Answer 19

A large polysaccharide deposited in phloem sieve tubes to block them

Question 20

What’s chemotaxis

Answer 20

The movement of cells or organisms towards or away from a particular chemical

Question 21

What’s clonal expansion

Answer 21

The multiplication of selected T and B lymphocytes in the specific immune response

Question 22

What’s clonal selection

Answer 22

The selection of T and B lymphocytes appropriate to an antigen in the specific immune response

Question 23

What are cytokines

Answer 23

Cell signalling molecules which are used for communication between cells allowing some cells to regulate the activity of others

Question 24

What’s an endemic

Answer 24

A disease that is always present in a population

Question 25

What’s an epidemic

Answer 25

The rapid spread of a disease through a high proportion of a population

Question 26

What’s herd immunity

Answer 26

A form of immunity that occurs when a significant portion of a population have been vaccinated and provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity.

Question 27

What’s histamine

Answer 27

A chemical released by mast cells as part of inflammatory response. Attracts neutrophils to site of infection by chemotaxis and increases permeability of capillaries.

Question 28

What are immunoglobulins

Answer 28

Soluble glycoprotein molecules. Antibodies.

Question 29

What’s immunological memory

Answer 29

Ability of the immune system to respond very quickly to antigens that it has encountered before due to the presence of memory cells

Question 30

What are incidence rates

Answer 30

The number of new cases of a disease in a given population in a certain time period.

Question 31

What’s an inflammatory response

Answer 31

A tissue reaction to injury or an antigen that may include release of histamine, pain, swelling, itching, redness heat and loss of function

Question 32

What are interleukins

Answer 32

A type of cytokine used to communicate between lymphocytes

Question 33

What’s lysozyme

Answer 33

An enzyme produced in tears which digests bacterial walls, keeping the eye free from infection

Question 34

What’s morbidity

Answer 34

The incidence or prevalence of a disease or of all disease in a population.

Question 35

What’s mortality

Answer 35

The number of deaths in a population

Question 36

What’s opsonin

Answer 36

Molecule (e.g. antibody) that binds to a pathogen, making it more susceptible to phagocytosis

Question 37

What’s a pandemic

Answer 37

An epidemic that has spread worldwide

Question 38

What is passive immunity

Answer 38

Immunity acquired by the transfer of antibodies

Question 39

What’s a pathogen

Answer 39

An organism that causes disease

Question 40

What’s phagocytosis

Answer 40

Phagocytes engulf a pathogen in a vesicle called a phagosome. Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome releasing digestive enzymes

Question 41

What’s a plasma cell

Answer 41

Differentiated B lymphocyte that produces and secretes antibodies as part of the humoral response

Question 42

What’s ring vaccination

Answer 42

A vaccination of all susceptible individuals of all susceptible individual in a prescribed area around an outbreak of an infectious disease.

Question 43

What’s a specific immune response

Answer 43

An integrated immune response to an antigen, especially one mediated by lymphocytes.

Question 44

What’s a T lymphocyte

Answer 44

Type of leucocyte that is produced in the bone marrow and matures in thymus