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Biology OCR > Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is an aneurysm

A

A localised bulge of an artery, vein or the heart wall. The wall of the blood vessel or organ is weakened and may rupture.

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2
Q

What’s an artery

A

Thick-walled vessel that carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

What are arterioles

A

Smaller vessels divided from arteries that carry blood towards capillary beds.

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4
Q

What’s the atrioventricular node (AVN)

A

A small patch of tissue that passes electrical activity from the sinoatrial node down the bundle of His in the Purkyne tissue. Stimulates the ventricles to contract after imposing a slight delay to ensure atrial contraction is complete.

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5
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves

A

The valves between the atria and the ventricles.

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6
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

The effect carbon dioxide has to increase the release of oxygen from haemoglobin

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7
Q

What is bradycardia

A

A slow heart rhythm of below 60 beats per minute.

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8
Q

What is the Bundle of His

A

Conducting tissue composed of Purkyne fibres that passes through the septum of the heart

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9
Q

What are capillaries

A

Very small blood vessels where water, solutes and respiratory gases are exchanged with body tissues.

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10
Q

What is the cardiac cycle

A

Sequence of events in one heartbeat including diastole and systole

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11
Q

What is closed circulation

A

A circulatory system where the blood is enclosed in blood vessels and does not come into direct contact with the cells of the body beyond the blood vessels.

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12
Q

What is diastole

A

The phase of the cardiac cycle when both the atria and the ventricles are relaxed.

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13
Q

What is double circulation

A

A type of blood circulatory system in which the blood flows through the heart twice for each full circuit of the body

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14
Q

What’s an ectopic heartbeat

A

An extra heartbeat or early contraction of the ventricles

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15
Q

What’s an electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

A technique for measuring tiny changes in the electrical conductivity of the skin that result from the electrical activity of the heart. This produces a trace, which can be used to analyse the health of the heart.

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16
Q

What’s fibrillation

A

Uncoordinated contraction of the atria and ventricles

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17
Q

What’s hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure created by a fluid pushing against the sides of a vessel.

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18
Q

What’s HYPERtension

A

A condition in which the resting blood pressure (particularly the diastolic pressure) is raised for a prolonged period.

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19
Q

What is lymph

A

Excess tissue fluid that drains into a lymphatic or lymph vessel

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20
Q

What is mass flow

A

The movement of the fluid in one direction, usually through vessels

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21
Q

What is mass transport

A

The transport of molecules in bulk from one part of an organism to another

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22
Q

What is myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack. When coronary artery becomes blocked and part of the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen and dies.

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23
Q

What is meant by myogenic

A

A property of cardiac muscle which allows it to initiate its own contraction.

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24
Q

What is oncotic pressure

A

The tendency of water to move into the blood by osmosis as a result of the plasma proteins and other solutes. Also known as colloid osmotic pressure

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25
Q

What’s an open circulatory system

A

A circulatory system with a heart but few vessels to contain the transport medium

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26
Q

What is partial pressure

A

The relative pressure contributed by a gas to a mixture of gases

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27
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

The circulation of the blood through the lungs.

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28
Q

What is a pulse

A

As the heart pushes blood through the arteries, the arteries expand and recoil with flow of the blood.

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29
Q

What are purkyne fibres

A

Fibres that conduct the nerve impulse to the apex of the heart and up through ventricle walls.

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30
Q

What are semilunar valves

A

Valves at the base of the major arteries leaving the heart and in veins.

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31
Q

What’s a single circulatory system

A

A circulatory system where the blood flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all around the body before returning to the heart.

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32
Q

What’s the sinoatrial node (SAN)

A

A small patch of tissue located at the top of the right atrium that generated electrical activity.

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33
Q

What’s systemic circulation

A

The circulation that carries blood around the body, excluding the circulation to the lungs.

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34
Q

What’s systole

A

The contraction of cardiac muscle.

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35
Q

What is tachycardia

A

An abnormally rapid OR fast heart rate, usually defined as greater than 100 beats per minute.

36
Q

What are tendinous cords

A

String-like cords which attach the heart valves to the walls of the ventricles.

37
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

Surrounds the cells of the body. It has a similar composition to blood plasma except it contains no large proteins or cells. Its function is to supply the cells with nutrients and remove waste products.

38
Q

What are venules

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from capillary beds towards veins

39
Q

What are veins

A

A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart

40
Q

Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

The right side

41
Q

Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood round the body

A

The left side

42
Q

Why does the atria have thin walls

A

Cause the receive blood returning to the heart (lower pressure)

43
Q

Why do ventricles have thicker walls

A

Because they need to pump blood out of the heart and withstand higher pressures

44
Q

Which blood vessel transports the blood from the lungs to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary vein

45
Q

Which blood vessel transports blood from the left atrium to the body

A

Aorta

46
Q

Which blood vessel allows deoxygenated blood from the body to enter the heart

A

Vena cava

47
Q

Which blood vessel allows blood to travel from the right ventricle to the lungs

A

Pulmonary artery

48
Q

What is the function of the valves in the heart and veins

A

To prevent blood flowing backwards

49
Q

What side of the heart is the tricuspid valve

A

The right side

50
Q

Which side of the heart is the bicuspid valve on

A

The left side

51
Q

What’s the function of tendinous chords

A

Preventing atrioventricular valves turning inside out

52
Q

What do the semilunar valves do

A

Connect the ventricles to the artery’s (pulmonary and aorta)

53
Q

What’s the purpose of the septum of the heart

A

To prevent deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mixing

54
Q

What’s the purpose of the coronary artery

A

Wraps around the heart supplying blood to cardiac muscle

55
Q

Is a humans (mammals) heart open/closed and single/double

A

Closed, double

56
Q

What does a ‘double circulatory system’ mean

A

The blood is pumped through the heart twice when it makes a full circuit of the body (ensures circulation isn’t too slow)

57
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system

A

Maintained conc gradient (deoxygenated and oxygenated blood don’t mix)
Blood pressure to lungs is slower (avoids damage, more time for gas exchange)
Blood pressure to body tissues is higher

58
Q

What’s the purpose of the renal vein

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from kidneys to the vena cava

59
Q

What’s the purpose of the renal artery

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the kidneys

60
Q

What is cardiac diastole

A

Atria and ventricles are relaxed (blood enters atria, pressure behind AV valves increases, AV valves open, blood enters ventricle)

61
Q

What is atrial systole

A

Atria contract and ventricles remain relaxed (atria contracts to push blood into ventricles, SL remain closed)

62
Q

What is ventricular systole

A

Atria relax and ventricles contract (AV valves close, SL valves open)

63
Q

What makes the LUB sound

A

Ventricular valves closing (S1)

64
Q

What makes the DUB sound

A

Semilunar valves close (S2)

65
Q

What is meant when the heart is referred to as myogenic

A

The heart generates its own contraction

66
Q

What part of the heart generates a wave of electrical stimulation (depolarisation)

A

The SAN (sino atrial node)

67
Q

What happens after the SAN produces depolarisation

A

Depolarisation spreads through atria where they contract (can’t spread further due to a zone of non conductive tissue, annulus fibrosis)

68
Q

Where does depolarisation travel after the atria

A

The atrioventricular nodes (AVN) passing onto the bundle of his

69
Q

What does the depolarisation of the AVN cause

A

The contraction of the ventricle (bundle of his branches into purkinje fibres causing a delay allowing ventricles to fill with blood)

70
Q

Calculating cardiac output CO= HR x SV

A

CO= the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute
HR= The number of heartbeats per minute
SV= amount of blood ejected by each heart beat

71
Q

What’s an electrocardiogram

A

A device used to visualise the electrical activity in the heart

72
Q

How do you preform an electrocardiogram

A

Electrodes attached to sticky labels placed on skins surface around the heart area

73
Q

What can an electrocardiogram look for signs of

A

Changes in heart rate (bradycardia, tachycardia etc)
Rhythm (irregular, regular)
Length of cardiac cycle
Onset of a heart attack

74
Q

What is blood made up of

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

75
Q

What does plasma transport around the body

A

Heat transfer, digested food products, nutrient molecules, hormones, excretory products (CO2, urea)

76
Q

What’s the function of erythrocytes

A

Transport of oxygen via haemoglobin, biconcave shape and no nucleus to fit through capillaries

77
Q

What are the two groups of leucocytes

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

78
Q

What are examples of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils (phagocytosis), basophils (histamine, inflammation), Eosinophils (parasites, inflammation, immunity)

79
Q

What are examples of agranulocytes

A

Monocytes, lymphocytes

80
Q

What’s the function of platelets

A

Fragments of megakaryocytes used in blood clotting

81
Q

What is thrombosis

A

The process of forming a blood clot

82
Q

What cascade of reactions results in a blood clot

A

Platelets attach to damaged collagen fibres
Thromboplastin is released from platelets
Thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

83
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A

The hardening of artery’s caused by the build up of plaque (atheroma)

84
Q

What factors affect blood pressure

A

Age, diet, smoking, dehydration, exercise, stress, medication, disease

85
Q

What do you use to measure blood pressure

A

A stethoscope (if done manually) and a sphygmomanometer

86
Q

How do you carry out a measurement of blood pressure

A

Tie a blood pressure cuff around upper arm
Listen over brachial artery with stethoscope
Inflate cuff to 160-200mmHg
Slowly deflate cuff
Listen for first occurrence of rhythm sounds, the pressure when sound stops

Biology OCR (12 decks)

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