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Biology A2 > Communication & Homeostasis > Flashcards

Communication & Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Converts glucose to glycogen in the cell for storage

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2
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Conversion of glycogen to glucose

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3
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Production of glucose by converting from amino acids and fats

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4
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Liver cells that perform a range of metabolic functions

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5
Q

Stimulus

A

Change in the environment that causes a response

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6
Q

Response

A

Change in behaviour or physiology as a result if a change in the environment

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of internal environment despite external changes

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8
Q

Negative feedback

A

A process that brings about a reversal of any change in conditions. Ensures homeostasis

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9
Q

Positive feedback

A

Process that increases any change detected by receptors

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10
Q

Ectotherm

A

An organism that relies on external sources of heat to regulate body temperature

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11
Q

Endotherm

A

An organism that can use internal sources of heat such as heat gained from metabolism to maintain body temperature

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12
Q

Polarised membrane

A

One that has a potential difference across it. This is the resting potential

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13
Q

Depolarisation

A

The loss of polarisation across the membrane as Na+ ions rush into the cell, making it less negative

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14
Q

Generator potential

A

Small depolarisation caused by Na+ ions entering the cell

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15
Q

Threshold potential

A

If depolarisation of the membrane reaches -50mV then an action potential is created

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16
Q

Action potential

A

A depolarisation of the membrane so that the inside is more positive that the outside (+40mV)

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17
Q

Resting potential

A

The difference of voltage across the neurone cell membrane while the neurone is at rest (-60mV)

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18
Q

Voltage gates channels

A

Channels that allow passed of particles or ions. They have gates which respond to changes in pd across the membrane

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19
Q

Local currents

A

Movements of ions along the neurone. Flow of ions is caused by an increase in concentration at one point, causing diffusion away from the region of higher concentration

20
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Action potential jumping from one node of ranvier to the next

21
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Is a chemical that diffuses across the cleft of the synapse to transmit a signal to the postsynaptic neurone.

22
Q

Cholinergic synapses

A

Subsides that use acetylcholine as their transmitter

23
Q

Synaptic knob

A

Swelling at the end of the postsynaptic neurone

24
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

An enzyme in the synaptic cleft. It breaks down acetylcholine

25
Q

All or nothing

A

The fact that a neurone either conducts an action potential or doesn’t at all

26
Q

Summation

A

The way that several small potential changes can combine to produce one large change in potential difference across the membrane

27
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers

28
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood

29
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Secretes molecules into ducts

30
Q

Target cells

A

Possess specific receptors on their plasma membrane that is complementary to the shape of the hormone

31
Q

Adenyl cyclase

A

Receptor for many hormones, found on plasma membrane. It converts ATP to cAMP

32
Q

Pancreatic duct

A

Tube that collects all secretions from exocrine cells in the pancreas and carries fluid to small intestine

33
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Small patches of tissue in the pancreas that have endocrine function. Contain alpha and beta cells

34
Q

Alpha cells

A

Secrete glucagon

35
Q

Beta cells

A

Secrete insulin

36
Q

Insulin

A

Causes blood glucose to go down:

1) glucose enters cells
2) glycogenesis
3) glucose converted to fats
4) respiration increase

37
Q

Glucagon

A

Causes glucose levels to rise:

1) glycogenolysis
2) fats used in respiration
3) gluconeogenesis

38
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

When blood glucose concentrations cannot be controlled

39
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

When blood glucose concentration is too high

40
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

When blood glucose levels are too low

41
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells that can develop into any type of new cell

42
Q

Cell metabolism

A

All chemical reactions taking place in cytoplasm

43
Q

Myogenic muscle

A

Can initiate it’s own contractions

44
Q

Pacemaker

A

Region of tissue in right atrium that can generate an impulse and initiate contractions

45
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Found at the base of the brain and co ordinates all unconscious functions

Biology A2 (5 decks)

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