Communicative Development Flashcards
(17 cards)
Piaget vs Vygotsky on Early Communication
Piaget
* Egocentric Stage: Language not aimed at communication of thought, more a monolouge, disappears with development
* Socialised Stage: Language clearly directed at someone else, exhange of thought
Vygotsky
* Language is inherently communicative
* Self-directed and social language are initally merged and then divide into egocentric and communicative language
* Internalised Language: Private monologue (Shortened, fragmented, unintelligable)
Key Stages of Communication
0-1 Years
~3 Months: Cooing and gurgling
* Reception and production of speech
* Melodic vocalisations
* Prefer to hear speech sounds over other types of complex sounds
* Greater involvement of the left hemisphere in areas specialised for processing ‘communicative’ sounds
~ 6 Months: Canonical Babbling
* Syllables such as ‘baba’ or ‘di da’ that include a constonant and a vowel
~ 12 Months: Speech Production (First Word)
* Refer to individual objects, categories, properties, and actions of objects
* Nouns > Verbs
Key Stages of Communication
1-4 Years
~ 18 Months:
* 5-40 words
* 2 word utterances
~24 Months:
* 150-300 words
* 2-3 word sentences
* First efforts to combine different types of words
~3 Years:
* 900-1000 words
* Asks short questions
~4 Years:
* 2000+ words
* 5 word sentences
* Lots of questions
Oller (1980)
Stages of Babbling
Stage 1: 0-2 months
* Sounds to express discomfort and distress
* Vegetive sounds that relate to physical activity or essential bodily functions
Stage 2: 2-4 months
* Begin to use sounds for more directly communicative purposes
* Coo and laugh when people are talking or smiling at them
Stage 3: 4-7 months
* Gain increasing control of the articulation of their layrnx and mouth
* Experiment with loudness and pitch of their vocalisation and position of their tongue
Stage 4: ~ 6 months
* Canonical babbling (~ 6 months) → Begin to produce recognisable syllables composed of a consonant and a vowel (ba, da)
* Reduplicated babbling (~ 8 months)→ Repetition of the same sound
* Variegated babbling (~ 11 months) → Follow one sound with another sound that differs in some way (ba-da, da-de)
Oller & Eilers (1988)
Abnormal patterns in early babbling
* Children born with profound hearing loss do not develop canonical babbling within first year of life
* Canonical babbling appearing after 10 months in children with normal hearing is a strong predictor of later language difficulties
Cross-Cultural Examples
Babies could not distinguish between English and Dutch where the prosodic pattern is very similar
* But could between English and Japanese where it is completely different
French babies produced /ha/ syllable even though French does not contain /h/ phoneme
* Points to a strong biological influence on phonological development
Pragmatics in Early Communication
Use of language to communicate in social interactions
* Quality, relevance, and manner in which language is used
* What makes for efficient communication?
Dyadic Interactions
Stages of Social Interaction
- Starts with early attention to faces/social cues (Sensitivity to gaze, voice, emotional expression, gesture, contingency, etc.)
- Seek and use others’ social cues to guide behaviour
- Start to actively initiate communicative bids
- Mutual vs adverted gaze
- Gaze following
- Joint attention
- Shared attention
- Theory of mind
Dyadic Interactions
Still Face Paradigm
Infants become distressed when the normality of social interactions is impaired
* Aim to restore effective interaction using their own communicative cues
* Goal = Contingent, positive, informative, and directed communication
Dyadic Interactions
Ostensive Communication
Humans are uniquely predisposed to learn from social partners who use communicative cues
* Child-directed speech
* Saying a persons name
* Eye contact
* Contingency responsivity
Adults who are ostensive are about to transfer knowledge to us and it is important as it is the only way we can learn about the social world
Dyadic Interactions
Infant-Directed Speech
- Parentese: Baby talk
- Higher pitch, exaggerated intionation, slow and stretchy speech, repetition
Triadic Interactions
Visual Cliff Paradigm
Uses the parents emotions to assess a novel situation (9-12 Months)
* Enables infants to quickly learn about emotions, and about the world
* If a parent reacts negatively, the infant will avoid it
* Communicative, informational, and emotion cues of the adult to inform behaviour and action
Triadic Interaction
Types of Joint Attention
9-12 Months: Appears unique to humans and is significantly associated with later language development
* RJA: Responding to joint attention bids from others (Gaze following and pointing)
* IJA: Initiating joint attention via developmentally available communicative cues (Pointing to shared attention)
* IBR: Initiating behavioural reguations or requests (Pointing to out of reach object)
* RBR: Responding to behavioural requests (Following adults open palm ‘give it to me’ gesture)
Triadic Interactions
Long-Term Impact of Early Joint Attention Skills
- Amount of time spent engaging in child-parent book reading is related to later vocabulary development
- 9-11 Months: Gaze following predicts language comprehension at 18 months
- 12 Months: Initiating joint attention predicts vocabulary at 24 months
- 10.5 Months: Infants who were better at gaze following used more words to describe their feelings and thoughts when they were 2.5 years old
- 2.5 Years: Those who used more words to describe mental states were better at figuring out what other people were thinking when retested a 4.5 years
Triadic Interactions
Conversational Turns
Successful conversational turns are rooted in joint attention and caregivers contingency responsivity
* Affects brain connectivity
* Predictive of later language development outcomes and IQ
Triadic Interactions
Communicative Intentions
- Socio-emotional: Non-informative needs
- Imperative: Instrumental or requestive
- Declarative: Sharing attention or interest
- Information-seeking: Seeking information from more knowledgeable others
- Informative: Providing information to less knowledgable others
Triadic Interaction
Bazhydai et al. (2020)
Example of Communicative Intentions
Social Referencing in Informational Uncertainty
Do 12 month olds use social referencing to selectively seek information from more knowledgable adults when facing referential uncertainty?
* Non-Informant Researcher
* Informant Researcher:
* 69% of first looks, 65% of total looks, and longer duration of visual fixations
