Community Flashcards by Sequoia Shrader

3 Types of prevention

1) Primary: Delay onset of disease, reverse its progress or arrest it
Ex: Prophy, fluoride, sealants
2) Secondary: Routine tx to terminate the disease process or restore tissues to as normal as possible
Ex: Restorations
Tertiary: Replacement of lost tissues through rehab
Ex: Implants, crowns, dentures

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Optimal level of fluoride in water

0.7ppm

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Five dimensional health model

PIE… So Scrumptious
1) Physical
2) Intellectual/knowledge
3) Emotional
4) Social
5) Spiritual

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Maslow hierarchy of needs

Physiological, safety, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualization

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Learning Latter

Unicorns Are So Incredible And Happy
Unawareness
Awareness
Self Interest
Involvement
Action
Habit

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ADPIED

Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation, documentation

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Goal Vs objective

Goal: Broad statement about the expected outcome
Objective: Specific and observable actions
The goal for your program is set first, then you develop measurable objectives

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Qualitative evaluation

Quality of program

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Quantitative evaluation

Numerical scale

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Formative evaluation

Internal evaluation DURING planning

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Summative evaluation

Eval AFTER implementation

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Type 1 examination

Complete exam
Mouth mirror, explorer, adequate illumination, thorough radiographs, study models
Least used in community health

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Type 2 examination

Limited exam
Mouth mirror, explorer, adequate illumination, posterior BWX, select PAs

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Type 3 examination

Inspection
Mouth mirror, explorer, adequate illumination
MOST commonly used in community health

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Type 4 examination

Screening
Tongue depressor and available illumination
If it uses a tongue depressor, its type 4

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Eastman interdental bleeding index

Reversible, uses wooden interdental cleaner, assess papillary bleeding

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Incidence rate

How many new cases are seen in a population

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Prevalence rate

Total number of cases at a given time
Existing

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Null hypothesis

Stated as a negative outcome
Ex: There is no statistical significant difference between…

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Research hypothesis

Stated as a positive outcome
Ex: There is a statistical significance between

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Random sampling

Every subject selected independently and randomly
** Reduces chances of bias!!

Stratified

Think of strategic
Choosing based on certain subgroups (age, gender, income)

Systematic

Select every nth subject to participate

Judgmental

Selected by personal judgement of who would be a typical participant
** Creates bias!!

Convenience

Group is already together and convenient **Creates bias!!

Historical research design

Looks at incidence and prevalence of disease in a population over time

Descriptive research design

Describes the presence and distribution of a disease or health condition at one point in time

Retrospective research design

Investigates possible causes of disease Uses medical records

Longitudinal research design

A group is observed over a long period of time

Experimental research design

Most familiar type of research Known as clinical trials

Control group Independent variable Dependent variable

Control= What stays constant in the study Independent= variable being manipulated Dependent= Outcome being studied

IRB- Institutional review board

Reviews ethical implications of research study, ensures safety

Nominal scale

Organizes data into exclusive categories Categories have NO rank order Ex: Hair color

Ordinal scale

Organizes data into exclusive categories WITH rank order Ex: Difficulty level 1-10

Interval scale

No absolute zero point- so # can be negative Ex: Temperature

Ratio scale

Has absolute zero point Can apply all arithmetic Ex: Money, weight, height, number of teeth

Normal distribution (bell shaped curve)

Mean, median and mode are equal

Positively skewed distribution

Curve shifted to left, more scores in lower range

Negatively skewed distribution

Curve shifted to right, more scores in higher range

Mode

Value that occurs most often

Median

Midpoint of data

Mean

Average

Standard deviation

Square root of variance Most common and useful measure of dispersion

R-value

Ranges from -1 to +1 The closer R is to 1, the stronger the relationship The closer R is to 0, the weaker the relationship +/- determines the direction of the relationship

Positive correlation

As X increases, y increases

Negative correlation

As X increases, y decreases As X decreases, y increases

P-Value

Represents probability that findings are due to chance Used to test hypothesis Standard of acceptability is P is less than or equal to 0.05 If P is greater than 0.05, results are not statistically significant

Intra examiner reliability

Consistent performance by same investigator Ex: consistent probe depths

Inter examiner reliability

Consistent performance by different investigators when using same data collection instrument Ex: Probe depths consistent among group of examiners

Endemic

Low but constant presence of disease in geographic region Ex: Flu

Epidemic

Occurrence of disease in excess of normal in community, often occurring suddenly and rapidly Outbreak

Pandemic

Epidemic that crosses international borders and affect several countries