Community Health Nursing in Canada - Indigenous Health Working With First Nations People, Inuit, and Métis Flashcards
(225 cards)
1
Q
What term has replaced ‘Aboriginal’ to refer to the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Peoples in Canada?
A
Indigenous
2
Q
What legal identification does the Constitution Act assign to those who are not Inuit or Métis?
A
Indian
3
Q
What collective term refers to the original inhabitants of Canada?
A
First Peoples
4
Q
The term ‘___’ rarely used outside of reference to the ___ ___ in Canada as it is considered offensive outside of a legal context.
A
Indian
Indian Act
5
Q
The term ‘‘___” refers to people who originate from a specific place or local territory.
A
native
6
Q
When was the term ‘Aboriginal’ confirmed in the Canadian Constitution?
A
1985
7
Q
The term ‘___’ does not fully recognize the diversity of Indigenous Peoples.
A
Aboriginal
8
Q
When did the Canadian government officially agree to the United Nations’ Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples?
A
2016
9
Q
Which province is implementing the United Nations’ Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples into legislation?
A
British Columbia
10
Q
___ are part of a First Nation, while ___ are a distinct Indigenous cultural group.
A
Innu
Inuit
11
Q
The Innu originate from Eastern ___ and Southern ___.
A
Quebec
Labrador
12
Q
The Inuit originate from ___ ___ ___ and ___.
A
North West Territories
Nunavut
13
Q
The term ‘___ ___’ refers the original inhabitants of Canada.
A
First Peoples
14
Q
What is the estimated global population of Indigenous peoples according to Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)?
A
Over 370 million
15
Q
In how many countries do Indigenous peoples live?
A
70
16
Q
What percentage of Canada’s population was Indigenous in 2016?
A
4.9%
17
Q
What percentage of the Indigenous population in Canada self-identifies as First Nations people?
A
58.4%
18
Q
What was the growth rate of the Indigenous population in Canada between 2006 and 2016?
A
42.5%
19
Q
Which province has the largest proportion of Indigenous people in Canada?
A
Ontario
20
Q
What percentage of the Indigenous population in Canada is 14 years of age or younger?
A
29.2%
21
Q
What percentage of the Indigenous population in Canada lives in one of the western provinces?
A
56.8%
22
Q
What are the three main groups of Indigenous peoples in Canada?
A
First Nations, Métis, and Inuit
23
Q
What is the total Indigenous population in Canada as of 2016?
A
1,673,785 million
24
Q
What percentage of the Indigenous population in Canada self-identifies as Métis?
A
35.1%
25
What percentage of the Indigenous population in Canada self-identifies as Inuit?
3.9%
26
What was the fastest-growing population in Canada as of 2016?
Indigenous Peoples
27
How does the health status of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis populations in Canada compare to the general Canadian population?
Lower
28
What was the projected life expectancy of First Nations and Métis men in 2017?
73 to 74 years
29
What was the projected life expectancy of Inuit men in 2017?
64 years
30
What was the projected life expectancy of First Nations and Métis women in 2017?
78 to 80 years
31
What was the projected life expectancy of Inuit women in 2017?
73 years
32
Food ___ is a factor that influences the wellness of First Nations people and Inuit.
insecurity
33
How do suicide rates among Indigenous peoples compare to the national average?
Higher
34
What is a primary cause of death among Indigenous youth?
Injury
35
How much more likely are Indigenous infants to be born with congenital anomalies compared to non-Indigenous infants?
1.7 times
36
How much more likely are First Nations and Inuit infants to experience sudden infant death syndrome compared to non-Indigenous infants?
7 times
37
What lifestyle diseases are some Indigenous groups around the world rapidly acquiring?
Obesity
38
___ is one determinant of the low standards of health experienced by Indigenous people.
Poverty
39
What was established in British Columbia in 2013 to improve health care for First Nations?
First Nations Health Authority (FNHA)
40
What program provides health-related goods and services to First Nations people and Inuit in provinces other than British Columbia?
Non-Insured Health Benefit
41
What is a major barrier to Indigenous peoples accessing health care services?
Racism
42
Indigenous communities in precolonial Canada known for innovative ___.
ideas
43
What is the most widely accepted estimate of the Indigenous population in Canada over 500 years ago?
500,000
44
What staples were part of the diet of Indigenous people in precolonial Canada?
Corn, beans, squash, nuts, and meat
45
What percentage of teeth showed dental caries in Indigenous people before European contact?
Less than 1%
46
When did the first recorded outbreaks of infectious disease occur in Indigenous communities?
1734 –1741
47
What was absent in Indigenous communities prior to European contact?
Infectious Diseases
48
Absence of ___ suggests Indigenous people were strong and healthy before European contact.
epidemics
49
Indigenous people possessed knowledge on ___ and ___.
vitamins
minerals
50
What are the three stages of colonization?
Relocation/Reserves
Theft of Rights and Criminalization of Culture
Residential School System
51
In what century did the first known contact between Indigenous people and Europeans in what is now Canada occur?
Tenth
52
Which groups became regular visitors to North Atlantic fishing grounds by the late sixteenth century?
Scandinavians, Bretons, Basques, and Normans
53
Which two European nations were the primary colonizers of what is now Canada?
French and British
54
When was the city of Quebec founded?
1608
55
What year marked the beginning of treaties between the British Crown and Indigenous people?
1701
56
By which decade did the British become the dominant colonial power in North America?
1760s
57
What was the first wave of colonization in Canada called?
Legal Wave
58
What was the purpose of the administrative wave of colonization?
Reserve System
59
What system was part of the ideological wave of colonization?
Residential School System
60
What are the four phases of colonization identified by the Royal Commission?
Separate Worlds
Contact and Cooperation
Displacement and Assimilation
Negotiation and Renewal
61
What is a focus of advocacy in Indigenous health?
Antioppressive Practices
62
When did early contact between Indigenous peoples and Europeans develop out of mutual curiosity, trade alliances, and intermarriage?
1500
63
When was the Royal Proclamation summarizing rules regarding land ownership issued?
1763
64
In which century did the relationship between First Nations and Europeans shift from partnership to domination?
1800s
65
When was the first residential school established in Alderville, Ontario?
1849
66
When were the Robinson-Huron and Robinson-Superior treaties signed?
1850
67
When did the Province of Canada pass 'An Act to Encourage the Gradual Civilization of the Indian Tribes'?
1857
68
When was Confederation declared in Canada?
1867
69
When was the Indian Act passed, defining Status Indians as wards of the federal government?
1876
70
When did the federal government make residential school attendance compulsory for all First Nations, Inuit, and some Métis children between the ages of 7 and 15?
1920
71
When did the Sixties Scoop phenomenon, involving the apprehension of Indigenous children by child protection agencies, begin?
1950s and 1960s
72
When did the federal government release its White Paper on Indian Policy, proposing the dismantling of the Indian Act?
1969
73
When was the Constitution Act, recognizing existing Aboriginal and treaty rights, enacted?
1982
74
When did the Oka Crisis over land claims agreements occur?
1990
75
When did the last federally run residential school, White Calf Collegiate, close?
1996
76
When was the new territory of Nunavut, which is self-governed, created?
1999
77
When were the first settlement agreements made to residential school survivors, and Jordan’s Principle passed in the House of Commons?
2007
78
When did Prime Minister Stephen Harper offer a full apology on behalf of Canadians for the Indian residential school system?
2008
79
When was the grassroots movement Idle No More launched by four Indigenous women?
2012
80
When did the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada release 94 calls to action?
2015
81
When was the Canadian Human Rights case in inequitable provision of child welfare upheld?
2016
82
When was the Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, titled 'Reclaiming Power and Place,' released?
2019
83
When did the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal rule that all First Nations children living on and off reserve are eligible for funding under the Jordan Principle?
2020
84
When did the Government of Canada introduce legislation to adopt the United Nations Rights of Indigenous Peoples as a framework for nation-to-nation agreements?
2020
85
What does the Dish With One Spoon Wampum symbolize?
Unity
86
What was the purpose of treaties in North America?
Peace
87
Which treaty represents the first Treaty made in North America?
Dish With One Spoon
88
What war led to forced treaty signings between First Nations and the British Crown?
French and British
89
What clause in Treaty 6 promised access to health care?
Medicine Chest
90
How many numbered treaties were signed?
Eleven
91
What did treaties between First Nations and the Crown aim to protect?
Culture
92
What did treaties between First Nations and the Crown involve sharing?
Land
93
Government strategies caused starvation and disease among First Nations Peoples during ___ negotiations.
treaty
94
What was misinterpreted as a means to obtain land and resources?
Treaties
95
What did treaties promise besides coexistence?
Resources
96
Which provinces did Treaty 6 encompass?
Alberta and Saskatchewan
97
What treaty obligations were left unfulfilled by the government?
Health
98
What type of agreements were treaties originally intended to be?
Nation-to-Nation
99
What took a heavy toll on First Nations peoples during the fur-trading days?
Dislocation
100
What caused despair, persecution, and deaths among First Nations peoples?
Disease
101
What did First Nations peoples rely on for survival during the expansion of the West?
Treaties
102
What paradoxically damaged the health of First Nations communities?
Treaties
103
What must be recognized and acted upon to prevent further harm to First Nations communities?
Truths
104
What year was the Indian Act created?
1876
105
Which two acts were amalgamated to create the Indian Act?
Gradual Civilization
Gradual Enfranchisement
106
What policy forced assimilation of First Nations peoples?
Indian Act
107
What did First Nations peoples lose under the Indian Act?
Self-Governance
108
What does the Indian Act still control today?
Indian Status
109
What year was Bill C-31 introduced?
1985
110
Bill C-31 aim to remove discrimination against ___.
women
111
What did Indian women lose when marrying non-Indian men before 1985?
Indian Status
112
When did the Indian Act amendment allow women to regain status?
1985
113
What new form of discrimination did the amendment create?
Grandchildren’s Status
114
What does the Indian Act dissociate Indian women from?
Communities
115
What remains closely linked to the Indian Act?
Health Care
116
How many federal agencies deliver health care to First Nations?
Five
117
What department assumed responsibility for health services in 1944?
National Health and Welfare
118
Which province’s First Nations Health Authority assumed governance in 2013?
British Columbia
119
What did attempts to assimilate First Nations people destroy?
Language
120
What system led to the disconnection of families?
Residential Schools
121
What were residential schools established to do?
Assimilate
122
Who funded residential schools?
Federal Government
123
When did residential schools become compulsory?
1920
124
Who ran residential schools?
Churches
125
What multigenerational effect did residential schools have?
Role Loss
126
What type of society dominated residential schools?
European
127
What did residential schools suppress besides language?
Ceremonies
128
What refers to the removal of Indigenous children?
Sixties Scoop
129
Where were Indigenous children sent during the Sixties Scoop?
Foster Homes
130
What type of families were Indigenous children usually adopted into?
Non-Indigenous
131
When was the Sixties Scoop active?
1960s to mid-1980s
132
What practice was the Sixties Scoop similar to?
Residential Schools
133
What do survivors of the Sixties Scoop continue to suffer from?
Family Separation
134
What system disproportionately includes Indigenous children?
Welfare
135
What percentage of children in the welfare system are First Nations?
30 to 40%
136
How many First Nations children were estimated to be in the welfare system in 2007?
27,000
137
In ___, Government of Canada recognized the loss of cultural identity.
2017
138
What was established to assist survivors of the Sixties Scoop?
Healing Foundation
139
What was the purpose of the healing foundation?
Healing and Education
140
Which countries were Indigenous children adopted into?
Canada and the United States
141
What type of compensation was provided to survivors in 2017?
Financial
142
What began in the early 1970s among Indigenous people?
Political Advocacy
143
What rights were Indigenous people standing up for?
Treaty Rights
144
What did Indigenous leaders seek control of in the 1970s?
Education
145
What policy document did the National Indian Brotherhood write in 1972?
Indian Control of Indian Education
146
Who primarily controls education and health today?
Federal Government
147
What did constitutional amendments in the 1980s affirm?
Indigenous and Treaty Rights
148
What status was reinstated for First Nations women in the 1980s?
Community Status
149
What issue has advocacy focused on regarding Indigenous females?
Missing and Murdered Women
150
How many Indigenous female homicides and unresolved cases were reported between 1980 and 2012?
1181
151
Which organization reported the number of Indigenous female homicides in 2014?
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
152
What has advocacy raised awareness about?
Violence and Injustice
153
What was announced in 2015 regarding missing and murdered Indigenous women?
National Inquiry
154
The Minister of ___ announced the national inquiry in 2015?
Justice
155
What did Indigenous people teach missionaries?
Traditional Medicine
156
___ use Indigenous knowledge for medical and nursing work.
Missionaries
157
What transformed the relationship between Indigenous people and nursing pioneers?
European Settlements
158
Who are credited with the genesis of health care in Canada?
Jesuit Missionaries
159
When did nursing education open to First Nations, Inuit, and Métis women?
Late 1930s
160
What did First Nations women pressure Indian and Northern Affairs for in the 1960s?
Education Support
161
Where did Indigenous nurses mainly work in the 1960s?
Hospitals
162
What special permission did Indigenous nursing students need to attend college?
Government Approval
163
What structural barrier exists in nursing education?
Ethnocentrism
164
When was the first official gathering of the Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada?
1975
165
Who were founding members of the Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada?
Jean Goodwill and Jocelyn Bruyere
166
What percentage of the nursing workforce is Indigenous in Canada?
3%
167
What agreement led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada?
Residential Schools Settlement Agreement
168
What settled legal actions against the government and religious group?
Residential Schools Settlement Agreement
169
When did the last government-run residential school close?
1996
170
When were the commission’s reports presented to the public?
2015
171
How long did the Truth and Reconciliation Commission operate?
Six Years
172
Who heard stories from former residential school students and staff across Canada?
Truth and Reconciliation Comission of Canada (TRC)
173
The consequences of ___ are meant to be remembered by Canadian society.
colonialism
174
What foundation arose from the survivors’ shared experiences?
Resistance and Resiliency for Decolonization
175
What year was the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s final report released?
2015
176
What is the process of undoing the impact of a colonial state called?
Decolonization
177
What does decolonization involve in terms of thought processes?
Critical Reflexive
178
What policies does decolonization address the domination of?
Neoliberal
179
What type of relationships should community health nurses build with Indigenous people?
Collaborative
180
What is care that attends to past experiences of violence or trauma?
Trauma-Informed
181
How does the health status of Indigenous peoples in Canada compare to other Canadians?
Lower
182
What influences people’s lives in complex and dynamic ways?
Determinants of Health
183
Who recognizes determinants of health that affect all Canadians?
Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
184
Indigenous people’s organizations and researchers have identified additional ___ of ___ for Indigenous people.
**determinants** of **health**
185
What global organization highlights similar health struggles for Indigenous peoples?
World Health Organization (WHO)
186
What influences Indigenous peoples’ health issues globally?
Social Determinants of Health
187
How are social determinants of health categorized?
Proximal
Intermediate
Distal
188
Conditions directly affecting health, such as behaviours, environments, and income are ___ determinants of health.
proximal
189
Education, food insecurity, and social status are examples of ___ determinants of health.
proximal
190
Conditions giving rise to proximal determinants are ___ determinants of health.
intermediate
191
Health care systems, educational systems, and cultural continuity are examples of ___ determinants of health.
intermediate
192
Political, economic, and social realities are ___ determinants of health.
distal
193
Colonialism, racism, and repression of self-determination are examples of ___ determinants of health.
distal
194
___ determinants of health include social exclusion and economic realities.
Distal
195
What is the daily smoking rate for First Nations adults compared to the Canadian rate?
43.2% versus 19.0%
196
___ environments include housing and sanitation.
Physical
197
What percentage of on-reserve dwellings require major repairs compared to non-Aboriginal dwellings?
33% versus 7.5%
198
What is considered the most important determinant of health?
Income
199
What percentage of Indigenous adults have a university-level education compared to non-Indigenous adults?
11% versus 29%
200
What is the median annual income for Indigenous people living in First Nations communities compared to the general Canadian population?
$20,000 versus $27,600
201
What percentage of First Nations experience food insecurity?
24–60%
202
What are two health impacts of food insecurity and malnutrition?
Obesity
Depression
203
What two factors influence health behaviours?
Social
Economic
204
What health issues can poor sanitation and contaminants cause?
Respiratory Ailments
205
What percentage of people living in First Nations communities reported mould and mildew in their homes?
Over 50%
206
What is the largest gap in educational attainment for Indigenous populations?
University
207
What is the primary cause of Indigenous morbidity and mortality?
Chronic Illness
208
In ___ communities specifically, physical access to health care services is limited, and public health programs are fragmented.
rural
209
What percentage of First Nations adults living on-reserve completed postsecondary education in 2006?
35%
210
What is the result of underfunded programs and limited community resources?
Community-Level Stress
211
What is a resource for good health in Indigenous tradition and culture?
Natural Environment
212
What has colonization caused between Indigenous people and the land?
Disconnect
213
What has reduced the supply of traditional foods and medicines?
Contamination
214
What is the most common indicator of First Nation cultural continuity?
Indigenous Language
215
What percentage of First Nations people living in communities had an Indigenous language as their mother tongue?
44.9%
216
What does cultural continuity moderate among Indigenous people in Canada?
Suicide Risk
217
What is transmission of collective emotional injury?
Intergenerational Trauma
218
What type of abuse was most often experienced in residential schools?
Sexual
219
Transmission of collective emotional injury
Transmission of collective emotional injury
220
What is the strongest factor associated with Indigenous youth and sexual behaviour?
Living On-Reserve
221
What did colonialism create based on ethnic grounds?
Social Stratification
222
What are negative health outcomes of social exclusion?
Alcohol and Drug Use
223
What is the strongest factor associated with substance use among Indigenous youth?
Structural Racism
224
What refers to the ability to decide needs without outside governance?
Self-Determination
225
What allows communities to participate in political decision making?
Self-Determination
