Comp 9: Fluency: Instruction and Assessment Flashcards
Scaffolding
refers to the support and guidance provided by an adult or more capable peer that helps a student function on a higher level.
Semantics is the component of language that has to do with ____ and ____ meaning
is the component of language that has to do with word and sentence meaning.
Multi-Tiered Intervention Strategy
is a set of layers of instruction that increase in intensity (e.g., increase amount of instruction, decrease group size) based on how well students are succeeding in a less intensive instructional format.
Scripted program
is one in which the directions for using the program are so detailed that teachers are provided with the exact words to be used for instruction.
Phonology is the language component that consists of _____ and _____ speech sounds.
is the language component that consists of producing and understanding speech sounds.
Morphology is the component of language that has to do with meaningful _____ parts, such as _____ and ______.
is the component of language that has to do with meaningful word parts, such as roots and affixes.
Syntax is the language component that has to do with the way in which _____ are ______ in a sentence.
is the language component that has to do with the way in which words are arranged in a sentence.
Semantics is the component of language that has to do with _____ and ______ meaning.
is the component of language that has to do with word and sentence meaning.
Prosody
is the component of language that has to do with the intonation and rhythm of speech: pitch, stress, and juncture.
_____ is the component of language that has to do with engaging in ________ _________.
Pragmatics is the component of language that has to do with engaging in effective communication.
English language learners (ELLs)
are students whose native language is not English and who cannot participate effectively in the regular curriculum because they have difficulty speaking, understanding, reading, and writing in English-speaking classrooms.
Phonics is the study of …
speech and sounds related to reading
Analytic Approach
involves studying sounds within the context of the whole word; for example, /w/ is referred to as the sound heard at the beginning of wagon.
Synthetic approach in phonics involves …
decoding words sound by sound and then synthesizing the sounds into words.
Variability principle
is the concept that the same letter or letter combination can represent diverse sounds as in ow: now, snow; oo: too, took. Readers therefore need to try another pronunciation if the first does not work out.
Sight Words
are those that are recognized immediately. Many sight words occur with high frequency, and some are learned through visual memorization.
High-frequency words
are words (such as the, of, and them) that appear in printed material with a high rate of occurrence.
Listening capacity
is the highest level of reading material that students can understand with 75% comprehension when it is read to them.
Phonological awareness
iis the ability to recognize and manipulate the spoken parts of words and sentences, including syllables, onset–rime, and word awareness.
Phonemic awareness:
is the consciousness of individual sounds in words. It is the realization that a spoken word is composed of a sequence of speech sounds and being able to note the individual sounds.
Segmentation
is the division of sentences –> words, compound words –> component words, words –> syllables, syllables –> onset and rime, and finally, words –> phonemes.
Instructional Strategies that Will Improve All Components of Fluency: Accuracy, rate and Prosody
A. Monitored Oral Reading with the Teacher
o Should be at the students instructional level where the student correctly decodes 95% of the words with a length of 50-200 words, increasing with older students
o Teacher Model: text should be read aloud
o Student Practice: after teacher modeling
o Teacher Feedback: bring a phrase the child had difficulty reading or missed punctuation where the teacher then provides a correct model for the mistake
Instructional Strategies that Will Improve All Components of Fluency: Accuracy, rate and Prosody
B. Repeated Readings
o Student goal should be to read at least 4-5 times
o Student Alone: student reads alone after the teacher models
o Timed: Give an appropriate time goal
o Tape-Assisted Reading: No sound effects, nice speed where student follows along the tape; student eventually reads along with the tape and then without it
o Paired reading with a Partner: Take turns, alternate or read together; more fluent reader goes first to model
Instructional Strategies that Will Improve All Components of Fluency: Accuracy, rate and Prosody
C. When and How Fluency Instruction Should be Introduced
o Accurate and swift letter naming, 2. Fluency with single-syllable words with regular letter-sound correspondence with high frequency sight words, 3. Swift multisyllable word accuracy using structural analysis skills, syllabic analysis skills and orthographic knowledge, and 4. Fluency with words with irregular spelling and content-area words
