Comp Exam Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
Na/K Pump
A
3 Na OUT; 2 K IN
2
Q
Local Potential - Temporal
A
STEPWISE Fashion
3
Q
Local Potential - Spatial
A
SEVERAL at SAME TIME
4
Q
End of Cord
A
L2
5
Q
Cauda Equina
A
L2-S5
6
Q
Lateral Horns
A
T1-L2
7
Q
Posterior Intermediate Sulcus
A
C1-T2
8
Q
Rexed Laminae 2
A
PAIN;
substanita gelatinosa
9
Q
Rexed Laminae 3 & 4
A
DISCRIMINATIVE touch; CONSCIOUS proprioception;
nucleus proprius
10
Q
Rexed Laminae 7
A
UNCONSCIOUS proprioception,
nucleus dorsalis/Clark’s column
11
Q
Dorsal Column
A
Discriminative touch, conscious proprioception
12
Q
Spinothalamic
A
Conscious pain/temp
13
Q
Spinoreticular
A
Arousal, unconscious pain
14
Q
Spinocerebellar
A
Unconscious proprioception
15
Q
Lateral Corticospinal
A
Voluntary movement; fine motor
16
Q
Rubrospinal
A
Gross motor
17
Q
Reticulospinal
A
Trunk and posture
18
Q
Vestibulospinal
A
Trunk and posture
19
Q
Tectospinal
A
Reflexive turning of head
20
Q
Quadraplegic
A
C1-T1
21
Q
Paraplegic
A
T1/2 Down
22
Q
Anterior Cord Injury
A
Ventral lost, dorsal intact
NO pain/motor/light touch/proprioception/deep pressure
23
Q
Central Cord Injury
A
Medial lost;
UE > LE weakness
24
Q
Brown Sequard Injury
A
Half lost
NO ipsi light touch/vibration; contral temp
25
Autonomic Dysreflexia Risk
T6 and above
26
SNS output
thoracolumbar
27
PNS output
cervicosacral
28
Thalamus nuclei: anterior
emotional tone
29
Thalamus nuclei: dorsomedial
judgement/reasoning
30
Thalamus nuclei: ventral anterior
motor planning/regulation
31
Thalamus nuclei: ventral lateral
motor output regulation
32
Thalamus nuclei: ventral posterior
somatosensory and vestibular information
33
Thalamus nuclei: LGN
relay to primary visual [17]
34
Thalamus nuclei: MGN
relay to primary auditory [41]
35
BG Loop: striato-pallido-thalamic
motor
36
BG Loop: dorsolateral prefrontal
executive function
37
BG Loop: lateral orbitofrontal
empathy/social appropriateness
38
BG Loop: Anterior cingulate
procedural learning
39
BG Loop: Direct
facilitates movement via internal GP, + feedback
40
BG Loop: Indirect
inhibit movement via external GP, - feedback
41
Climbing Fibers
Teach purkinje cells how to response to particular patterns of movement from mossy/parallel fiber input
42
Broca's Area
```
L = motor program of speech
R = nonverbal, gestures, tone
```
43
Wernicke's Area
```
L = comprehension of speech
R = nonverbal, spatial relationship
```
44
Semicircular canal
ANGULAR movement
45
Otolith
LINEAR movement [utricle = horizon; saccule = vert]
46
M1
primary simple movement of hand/face
47
PMA
complex multi-joint movement that is coordinated
48
PMCd
large proximal mm
49
PMCv
hand shape
50
SMA
sequential movement and bilat coordination
51
Stroke: face droop, dead arm, dysarthria, dysphagia
MCA
52
Stroke: LE weakness, difficulty standing
ACA
53
Stroke: impaired judgement, impulsivity, neglect, visual deficits, hemiparesis
Right
54
Stroke: language deficits, aphasia, apraxia, processing delay, perseveration, hemiparesis
Left
55
CT
good contrast resolution
| specific and sensitive
56
Xray
specific, not sensitive
57
MRI
sensitive, no specific
58
T1 MRI
parallel, bone, anatomical
59
T2 MRI
perpendicular, water, pathology
60
ABCs of radiology
Alignment, Bone density, Cartilage, Soft tissue
61
Therapeutic Index
LD50/ED50; HIGHER # = SAFER
62
Absorption
best with small, lipid soluble, polar molecules
63
Pharmokinetics
absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion
64
Pharmacodynamics
effect at target site
65
HTN meds [5]
beta blocker, alpha blocker, Ca blocker, diuretics, ACE inhibitor
66
Anti-arrhythmia meds [4]
Na blocker, beta blocker, K blocker, Ca blocker
67
MAOI
prevent dopamine breakdown
68
Mm relaxors
Baclofen [bind to GABA]; Botox [inhibit Ach]
69
Cancer drug that causes foot drop
Vincristine
70
Transcription
DNA > RNA
71
Translation
RNA > protein
72
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Respiration
An = 2 ATP, A = 34 ATP
73
B cells
humoral immunity
bone marrow
antibodies
74
T cells
cell mediated immunity
thymus
NK cells
75
Hypersensitivity Types
```
ABCD
1 = allergic
2 = antibody [blood]
3 = immune complex [clumps]
4 = cell mediated [delay]
```
76
Hashimoto's
HYPOthyroidism, goiter, weight gain, cold intolerance
77
Grave's
HYPERthyroidism, exopthalamus, weight loss, heat intolerance
78
OCD
```
obsessive = repeated behavior
compulsive = MUST react immediately
```
79
ADHD
hyperactive, inattentive, impulsive
80
Cancer warning signs
```
Night pain
Can't alleviate pain
Deep ache
Diffuse
Weakness
Fatigue
```
81
Cushing's
HYPER-ACTH, moon face, obese
82
Addison's
HYPO-ACTH, hyperpigmentation
83
Na
```
142 [135=low, 145=high], ECF
Aldosterone = direct relationship
ADH = indirect relationship
Hypo = hypovolemia, dec AP
Hper = edema, HTN
```
84
K
3.5-5 [3.5=low, 5=high] ICF
Aldostersone = indirect relationship
Hypo/Hyper = arrhythmia, N/T
85
Ca
ECF
PTH = direct relationship
Hypo = inc AP, weak heart
Hyper = dec AP, strong heart
86
Spinal Fx Stability
1 column = stable
3 column = unstable
2 column = follow middle column classification
[I = stable, II, III = unstable]
87
Knee Trauma Rule: Hx of trauma or fall AND 50 yo, AND/OR can't WB 4 steps
Pittsburg Rule
88
Knee Trauma Rule: >55 yo, tender @ fibular head/patella, can't flex knee to 90, can't WB 4 steps
Ottawa Rule
89
Anterior and Posterior Hip Precautions
A: ext, ABD, ER
P: flex, ADD, IR
90
Bone Health T-score
-1 = norm
-1 to -2.5 = osteopenia
> -2.5 = osteoporosis
91
ABI Scale
0.5-0.8 = intermittent claudication
92
ACE wrapping for AKA
into extension and ADD
93
Extensor Excursion
extensor ligaments prone to shortening
| splint in extrinsic + [MCP flex, PIP/DIP ext]
94
Functional Hand Splint
Wrist 20-30 ext, thumb ABD, MCP 15-20 flex, PIP slight flex
95
DF Stop and PF Stop
```
DF = extension moment at knee
PF = flexion moment at knee [aid push off/foot drop]
```
96
DF assist
increase toe clearance and prevent foot slap
| ex. gillette, posterior leaf spring
97
Ground Reaction AFO
force knee extension and aid push off
98
Pressure intolerant areas for prosthetic sockets
```
distal patella
tibial crest
fibular head
distal fibula
HS tendons
```
99
Lever arm [long, short]
```
Long = flexion moment, buckle
Short = fall over front, buckle
```
100
Prosthetic [long, short, medial whip]
Long = vault, uphill, LBP
Short = step in hole
Medial Whip = ER of knee
101
Disease: systemic, autoimmune, proximal, bouchard's nodes at PIP
RA
102
Disease: local, degeneration, distal, herberden's nodes at DIP
OA
103
OA nodes
Herberden's at DIP
104
RA nodes
Bouchard's at PIP
105
Stages of Cancer Intervention
Preventative, restorative, supportive, palliative
106
Bone Malignancy: LE, 60 yo, distal femur/proximal tibia
osteosarcoma
107
Bone Malignancy: > 40 yo, M>W, central skeleton and pelvis
chondrosarcoma
108
Bone Malignancy: >3
Ewing's Sarcoma
109
Common metastasis sites
```
Pituitary
Thyroid
Breast
Lung
Kidney
```
110
Type of Research: record, analyze, and interpret what exists naturally
Descriptive
111
Nominal Data
Classification scale, data assigned to a category
112
Ordinal Data
Ranking scale
113
Interval
Equal intervals with NO true zero [ex. temp]
114
Ratio
Equal intervals WITH true zero [ex. ROM]
115
Intra-rater
between ONE person
116
Inter-rater
between 2+ people
117
Standard Deviation Break Down
1 SD = 68% [34.1x2]
2 SD = 95% [13.6x2]
3 SD = 99% [2.1x2]
118
Error: concluding there is a difference when there is not
Type 1
119
Error: concluding there is NO difference when there is
Type 2
120
Pearson's Correlation Interpretations [R value]
```
1 = perfect
0.7 = strong
0.5 = moderate
0 = no relationship
```
121
Sensitivity
```
SNOUT
Tests for True +
If you're - you DON't have it
RULE OUT
ex. MRI
```
122
Specificity
```
SPIN
Tests for True -
If you're + you HAVE it
RULE IN
ex. pregnancy test
```
123
Term: self-determination; wishes of competent individuals are honored
Autonomy
124
Term: moral obligation to act for benefit of others
beneficience
125
Term: obligation individuals have to others in society
duty
126
Term: obligation to do no harm
non-maleficence
127
Term: obligation to tell the truth
veracity
128
Consequentialism
Focus on consequences, ends justify means
| Actions that bring most good
129
Deontological
Focus on action, strict moral obligation
130
Global vs. Local muscles
```
Global = mobility, pain = over-activation
Local = stability, pain = inhibition
```
131
PLL becomes the
tectorial membrane
132
supraspinous ligament becomes the
nuchal ligament
133
ligamentum flavum becomes the
posterior atlanto-occipital membrane/ligament
134
Collagen type in the nucleus pulposus vs. annulus fibrosus
```
nucleus = type 2
annulus = type 1
```
135
optimal stimulus for regneration of nucleus vs. annulus
```
nucleus = compress/distract
annulus = rotation
```
136
Cloward Sign
anterior/lateral disc = mid back/scapular boarder
| posterior/lateral disc = over scapula/upper arm
137
Facet orientation
```
CS = 45 to horizontal
TS = coronal [60-90-0]
LS = sagittal
```
138
Fryette's Law
LS in neutral = OPPOSITE coupling
| LS in flex/ext = SAME coupling
139
SI motion
nutation = flexion; counternutation = extension
140
Neutral and Elastic Zone
```
Neutral = 1st few degrees; movement w/little R
Elastic = neutral to end ROM; movement w/high R
```
141
Condition: B&B dysfunction, saddle paresthesia, severe back pain, B leg pain, motor weakness
CE
142
Condition: motor/sensory changes, hyper-reflexive, +/- B&B dysfunction, +/- pain
cord compression
143
5 D's for VA screen
```
Drop attack
Dizzy
Diplopia
Dysarthria
Dysphagia
```
144
MMT vs. Myotome
MMT = consistent weakness; Myotome = fatiguing weakness
145
Traction parameters
```
CS = 5-10# of F, Upper = 10-20 flex, Lower = 25-30 flex
LS = 25-50% BW
```
146
Neurodynamic tender points
C6, T6, L4, post knee, ant elbow
147
Slider vs. Tensioner
Slider: both ends move, irritable
Tensioner: one end moves, chronic
148
McKenzie Classification: abnormal stress on normal tissue, no pain w/movement; re-edu
Postural
149
McKenzie Classification: normal stress on abnormal tissue, pain at end ROM, remodel tissue
Dysfunctional
150
McKenzie Classification: abnormal stress on abnormal tissue, direction pain; recover function
Derangement
151
MSI: Flexion vs Extension Category
Flex: tight ext, weak paraspinals, flat back
Ext: tight flex, weak abs, lordosis
152
How short and long muscles test
short test strong
long test weak
think L/T relationship
153
Type 1 and 2 fibers prone to...
1 = weakness, 2 = tightness
154
ROM testing for single and multi-joint muscles
single = end ROM; multi = mid ROM
155
Forefoot varus NWB and WB [FF, STJ, C]
NWB: FF inverted, STJ neutral, C vertical
WB: FF flat, STJ pronated, C everted
156
Forefot valgus NWB and WB {FF, STJ, C]
NWB: FF everted, STJ neutral, C vertical
WB: FF flat, STJ supinated, C inverted
157
Rearfoot varus NWB and WB [FF, STJ, C]
NWB: FF inverted, STJ neutral, C inverted
WB: FF flat, STJ pronated, C vertical
158
Soft end feel [6]
hip flex, knee flex, elbow flex, PIP flex, CMC flex, CMC opposition
159
Hard end feel [8]
elbow ext, pronation, RD, PIP flex, Thumb MCP flex, Thumb IP flex, PIP flex, ankle eversion
160
Blood borne pathogens and precautions
pathogens = HIV, Hep B, Hep C
| gown and glove to tx open wound
161
Feces pathogens
Hep A, Hep E
162
Airborne pathogens and precautions
TB, SARS, Measles, Chicken Pox
| PAPR, neg airflow room
163
Droplet pathogens and precautions
Influenza, mumps, whooping cough
| Mask and gloves
164
Contact pathogens and precautions
VRE, MRSA
| gown and gloves
165
Contraindications to ICU Tx
HR >100, 200, 110
| O2
166
Positioning for AKA, BKA, Burns
```
AKA = extension and ADD
BKA = hip and knee extension
Burn = elongation across joints
```
167
Gait Trianing
4 and 2 point = FWB
3 point = NWB
3 point mod = PWB
4 and 2 point mod = balance
168
Gait Speed
Norm = 1.4 m/s
| Fall risk =
169
Burn Classification
Superifical: epidermis, red, painful
Superifical partial: dermis, edema, blister, painful
Deep partial: little dermis remains, white, painless
Full: subcutaneous, painless
170
Pressure Ulcer Classification
Stage 1: skin intact, non blanchble redness
Stage 2: partial thickness, red w/slough
Stage 3: full thickness, to FASCIA
Stage 4: full thickness, THROUGH fascia
Unstageable: full thickness covered with eschar
171
Arterial vs. Venous wound
```
Arterial = punched out, red halo, pain with elevation
Venous = irregular, hemosiderin staining pain with dependent position
```
172
Wound Dressing = TIME
tissue management
infection
moisture
edge advancement
173
US
Thermal = continuous, non thermal = DC 50%
1 MHz = deep; 3 MHz = superifical
subacute = 1 deg change, chronic = 2, stretch = 4
174
Venous Wound Tx
CORE: compression, optimize wound environment, review risk factors, estable maintenance plan
175
Wound modalities
1. HVPC 2. US [acute nonthermal; chronic thermal]
176
Pain modalities
1. TENS 2. IFC
177
Edema modalities
1. IFC 2. NMES
178
Weakness modalities
1. Russian 2. NMES 3, IFC
179
Carotid Sheath
Carotid a, Vagus n, Internal Jugular v.
180
Cubital Fossa
Brachial a, Median and Radial n, Biceps tendon
181
Pes Anserinus
SGT FOS
sartorius, gracilis, semitentindosus
femoral, obturator, sciatic
182
Posterior Neck Triangle
Trapezius, posterior SCM, Clavical
| Accessory n. BP, phrenic n. subclavian a/v
183
Brainstem
```
Midbrain = III, IV
Pons = V, VI, VII, VIII
Medulla = IX, X, XI, XII
```
184
CN
```
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Tochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Acessory
Hypoglossal
```
185
Term: movement related to displacement, velocity, and acceleration
kinematics
186
Term: movement in terms of forces
kinetics
187
Newton's Laws
```
1st = intertia
2nd = F=m*a
3rd = action/reaction
```
188
Levers
1st = FAR; 2nd = ARF, 3rd = AFR
189
Convex-Concave Rule
Convex moving = OPPOSITE
| Concave moving = SAME
190
Term: inability of a 2 joint mm to perform concentric contraction over 1 joint when shortened over another
active insufficiency
191
Term: inability of a 2 joint mm to lengthen over 1 joint when it is lengthened over another
passive insufficiency
192
Phases in Healing
```
Acute = 0-10 day, at rest/with motion
Subacute = 10d-6wk, with motion
Chronic = 6w-1yr, after activity
```
193
Hip Angle of Incline
Norm = 125
Valgum > 125, longer limb w/increase joint reaction force
Varus
194
Hip Angle of Torsion
Norm = 8-15
Anteversion >15, IR, Toe IN
Retroversion
195
ACL
NWB resists ANT translation
| WB resists POST translation
196
PCL
Resists FLEX
NWB resists POST translation
WB resists ANT translation
197
Hand Deformity: PIP hyperext; DIP flex
swan neck
198
Hand Deformity: PIP flex, DIP hyperext
Boutonniere
199
Hand Deformity: PIP ext, DIP flex
Mallet finger
200
Spine Coupling
```
CS = Opposite
LS = Same
TS = follows what it's closest to
```
