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BIOL2018:Adaptive Physiology > Comparative Immunology > Flashcards

Comparative Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What does recognition by TLRs and carbohydrate-binding lectins do?

A

Activates opsonic/lytic pathways in vertebrates, coagulation cascade in arthropods, phagocytosis and pathogen lysis by antimicrobial peptides.

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2
Q

TNFR in Mammals

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor.

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3
Q

PGRP-LC in drosophila

A

PeptidoGlycan Recognition Protein- LC.

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4
Q

Where are TLRs present?

A

In haemolymph or cell surface of immune tissues.

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5
Q

What does recognition of infection activate?

A

Toll and Imd pathways in fat bodies and haemocytes, these use NF-kB and Jnk-related proteins to induce production of antimicrobial peptides.

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6
Q

What are haemocytes used for?

A

Antiparasitic infection through encapsulation and melanisation.

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7
Q

What do JAK-STAT release?

A

Vir-1 and Tep-1 (boosts Toll response).

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8
Q

What does NF-kB release?

A

Tot-A (stress signal).

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9
Q

CNS immune response

A

Produces AMPs and/or cytokines, inflammation and neuronal death and degeneration.

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10
Q

Respiratory system response

A

Trachea in flies, lungs in man which produce AMPs.

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11
Q

Systemic response

A

Fat body in flies and liver in man, produces AMPs and acute phase response.

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12
Q

Digestive system response

A

Produce AMPs and local ROS production via Duox and Nox.

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13
Q

Excretory system response

A

Malphigian tubules/kidneys produce AMPs and regulate hormones.

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14
Q

Cellular response

A

Haemolymph/blood + lymph perform phagocytosis, clotting and coagulation along with cytokine secretion.

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15
Q

Immune cells of drosophila

A

Plasmatocyte (phagocytosis), lamellocyte (encapsulation) and crystal cell (melanisation and clotting).

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16
Q

Phagocytosis mechanism

A

Bacterium is attached to pseudopodia and is ingested which forms a phagosome, this then fuses with a lysosome with these enzymes digesting the bacteria and the products are then released.

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17
Q

Functions of complement system

A

Lysis, opsonisation, activation of inflammatory response and immune complex clearance.

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18
Q

Three pathways of complement activation

A

Classical, lectin and alternative.

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19
Q

Classical complement activation

A

Ag:Ab complex with C1q,r,s, C4 and C2.

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20
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Mannose-binding lectin binds to pathogen surface, MBL, MASP-2, C4 and C2.

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21
Q

Alternative pathway

A

Does not require antibodies, C3, B and D.

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22
Q

Where do all pathways converge?

A

Proteolytic activation of C3 to C3b.

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23
Q

C3b

A

Binds to complement receptor on phagocytes, opsonises pathogens and removes immune complexes.

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24
Q

C3a and C5a

A

Peptide mediators of inflammation and phagocyte recruitment.

25
Q

Terminal complement components

A

Complement proteins C5b and C6-C9, which can assemble to form the membrane-attack complex on cells coated with complement.

26
Q

Where are classical and lytic pathways seen?

A

Jawed vertebrates only.

27
Q

What happens to newly synthesised C3?

A

It is cleaved to generate a beta chain and alpha chain joined by disulfide bonds, exposing a reactive thioester bond in C3b with C3a released.

28
Q

Cnidaria immune system

A

C3-like molecules and phagocytes for defence, clonal animals can attack individuals of different genetic clones while avoiding self.

29
Q

Nematoda immune system

A

No complement pathway, pattern recognition with constitutive components such as anti-microbial and digestive peptides and inducible components like cytokines, signalling and apoptosis.

30
Q

What pathways do invertebrate chordates have?

A

Lectin and alternative.

31
Q

Fish complement activation

A

Multiple C3 isoforms, have a 2 chain structure with catalytic residue variations providing different affinity for different substrates, specialisation to bind specific surfaces and increase efficiency to eliminate microbes.

32
Q

What fish have 3 C3 isoforms?

A

Trout, medaka and zebrafish.

33
Q

What fish have 5 C3 isoforms?

A

Seabream and carp.

34
Q

Fish bacteriolytic and haemolytic activity

A

Higher than mammals.

35
Q

What is the primitive complement system?

A

Alternative pathway with C3 and Bf.

36
Q

What animals have no complement genes?

A

Flies and worms.

37
Q

What allowed for classical pathway development?

A

Vertebrate specific complement gene duplications among C3/4/5 and between Bf/C2 and MASP/C1r/s occurred.

38
Q

What provides immune cell diversity in mosquitoes and flies?

A

Dscam with many Ig domains which is diversified via alternative splicing.

39
Q

Cellular and humoural response in fish

A

Generative and secondary lymphoid organs found in mammals also found in fish, except lymph nodes and bone marrow which are replaced by the head kidney.

40
Q

Head kidney of fish

A

Haematopoietic function, phagocytosis, Ag processing, hormones and IgM.

41
Q

How many Dscam isoforms are there?

A

38,000.

42
Q

Where has somatic hypermutation been seen?

A

In animals up to land snails, which use FRP in the haemolymph.

43
Q

Mucus

A

Important barrier with freshwater fish producing more mucus with an increase in stress, contains trypsin-like cathepsin proteases, lysozyme and lectins.

44
Q

Where are fish lymphoid tissues?

A

Distributed around skin, gills and intestine to complement epidermal secretions.

45
Q

Fish thymus

A

Produces T cells involved in allograft rejection and antibody production by B cells (RAG1/2).

46
Q

What affects fish thymus involution?

A

Hormonal cycles and seasonal variants, not age.

47
Q

What appears abruptly in jawed fish?

A

Ig-based adaptive immunity.

48
Q

Variable lymphocyte receptors in jawless fish

A

Do not encode complete receptors in germline, recombination of VLR gene with flanking sequences provides a full gene which can be expressed on cell surfaces or secreted.

49
Q

Key event in ancestral hawed fish immunity evolution

A

Reinsertion that interrupts V-type Ig receptor gene, followed by recombination separating RAG from TR-tagged gene segments followed by evolution resulting in complex antigen-receptor locus with somatic recombination.

50
Q

First animal to have Ig/TCR/MHC/RAG based adaptive immunity response

A

Cartilaginous fish.

51
Q

Cartilaginous fish B cells

A

Resemble CD5+ B cells.

52
Q

Cartilaginous fish T cells

A

Resemble gamma/delta T cells.

53
Q

Cartilaginous fish gene rearrangement

A

Occurs in a cluster.

54
Q

Cartilaginous fish secondary lymphoid tissue

A

Segregated into discrete B and T cell zones.

55
Q

Cartilaginous fish MHC

A

Polymorphic Class I and Class II.

56
Q

How many VLR genes do humans have in heavy chain locus?

A

65 V, 27 D and 6 J.

57
Q

Shark heavy chain locus

A

Different configuration of VDJC repeats, regions not just sequence.

58
Q

Chicken heavy chain

A

VH pseudogenes.

59
Q

Chickens clonal diversity method

A

Unique with immature chicken B cells all produce same original heavy and light chain, then rearrangement occurs with homologous sequences in pseudogene are part of expressed Ig through somatic hypermutation.

BIOL2018:Adaptive Physiology (10 decks)

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