Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL2018:Adaptive Physiology > Temperature Regulation > Flashcards

Temperature Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Conduction

A

Transfer of heat between 2 objects in physical contact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Convection

A

Transfer of heat by fluid movement against an object.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Radiation

A

The transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much of water can be lost by sweating?

A

580cal/g.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the only method of heat transfer when TA>TB?

A

Sweating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Thermoconformers

A

Organisms whose body temperature changes according to the external temperature, rather than carrying out thermoregulation so TB=TA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thermoregulators

A

Organisms that regulate their body temperature against thermal gradient, increase and decrease heat loss/production as required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Warm-blooded animals

A

Their body temperature must be 18C above TA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cold-blooded animals

A

Body temperature is same as environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Poikilotherms

A

Organisms that cannot regulate body temperatures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Homeotherms

A

Keep their body temperature constant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ectotherms

A

An animals that warms itself mainly by absorbing heat from its surroundings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Endotherms

A

Animals that generate heat from metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of poikilothermic ectotherms

A

Freshwater fish and some freshwater invertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Examples of homeothermic ectotherms

A

Marine invertebrates, polar marine fish and invertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of homeothermic endotherms

A

Most land birds and mammals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where can ectotherms not live?

A

In extreme cold because metabolic rate would need to be too high.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do ectotherms tolerate?

A

Wide internal variation but narrow environmental limits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do endotherms tolerate?

A

Narrow internal variation but wide environmental limits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of products releasing heat and energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anabolism

A

Construction of molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can metabolism be measured?

A

Directly and indirect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Direct calorimetry

A

Measurement of heat production as an indication of metabolic rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

Metabolic rate, doubly-labelled water technique and respirometry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Metabolic rate calculation

A

(Energy content of food- energy content of waste)/time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Doubly-Labelled Water Technique

A

2H2 18O2 with 18O2 lost through metabolic CO2 and water loss while 2H is only lost in water with this ratio indicating metabolic rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Respirometry

A

Directly measure O2 consumption via a closed or open system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Small animals metabolic rate

A

Fast MR/mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Large animals metabolic rate

A

Slow MR/mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens as mass increases?

A

Mass specific MR decreases rapidly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Relative increase of surface area to mass

A

6(I^2/3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Large animal heat

A

Heat up and cool down slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Slow animal heat

A

Heat up and cool down quick.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Homogenous objects surface area relation to mass

A

log[S]=a+0.67log[m]. (S= Surface area, m=mass).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Isometry vs. Allometry

A

Isometry is proportional scaling while allometry is divergent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Why is the coefficient not 0.67 in larger animals?

A

Thickening of bones and muscles decreasing surface area so coefficient is 0.63.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is whole animal MR?

A

A power function of body mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Formulas for whole animal MR

A

MR= A x M^B or log MR= log[a] + b log[m] (where A= y-intercept of log-log plot, b is slope and m is mass).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Mass specific MR formulas

A

MR/m= A x M^(b-1) or log MR/m= log[a] + (b-1) log[m].

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is b in whole animal MR

A

0.75, showing MR does not scale with surface area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

The body’s resting rate of energy output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Field metabolic rate

A

Rate of energy metabolism during normal activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Active Metabolic Rate

A

The total number of calories you burn in a day with exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Maximum metabolic rate

A

Refers to the highest rate of ATP use for an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Metabolic scope

A

Difference between basal metabolic rate and maximum metabolic rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Effect of temperature increase on metabolic rate

A

Increases reaction and metabolic rates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Q10

A

Metabolic rate at a given temperature divided by rate at 10C lower.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What if Q10=1?

A

Then reaction is not temperature sensitive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What if Q10=2 or 3?

A

Increased body temp increases reaction rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What group does environmental temp have most effect on?

A

Ectotherm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Endotherm thermal neutral zone

A

A region of basal metabolic rate where temperature is maintained.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Acclimitisation

A

Process of gradual adaptation to a change in environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Acclimation

A

An organism’s change in response to a change in the lab.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Latitudinal gradient acclimitisation

A

Have a wide temperature gradient so acclimatisation maintains proper function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Animal that has latitudinal gradient acclimitisation

A

Purple sea urchin inhabits nearshore marine environments from Alaska to Mexico.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Seasonal gradients

A

Stay in an area, so acclimatise to seasonal changes with an increased thermogenic capacity and cold hardiness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Effect of winter on black capped chickadee

A

It triggers an increase in pectoralis muscle mass from 10-30%, with increased reliance on fats to fiel sustained shivering.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Effect of cold on frogs

A

When they acclimate from 25C to 5C oxygen consumption at all temperatures increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How is phenotypic plasticity captured?

A

In tolerance polygons.
(See Quizlet Image)

61
Q

Goldfish area of tolerance polygon

A

1220.

62
Q

Bullhead trout area of tolerance polygon

A

1162.

63
Q

Habitats of high area tolerance polygons

A

Freshwater and widespread.

64
Q

Habitats of low area tolerance polygons

A

Antarctic, marine and temperate.

65
Q

Thermal gradient of enzyme function

A

Related to temperature experienced by animal in their natural habitat.

66
Q

Thermo-adaptive LDH

A

0.22Km in all species at their optimal temperature.

67
Q

Temperature impact on membrane

A

Increases temperature increases fluidity, while decreasing temperature decreases fluidity.

68
Q

Lipid composition impact on membrane

A

Longer, saturated fatty acids are more rigid so can maintain function at higher temperatures while unsaturated fatty acids increase fluidity.

69
Q

Cholesterol impact on membrane

A

It interacts weakly with nearby phospholipids, making membranes less fluid and more stronger.

70
Q

Desaturases

A

Control double bond formation

71
Q

Difference in goldfish membrane composition at 5C and at 25C

A

At 25C, phosphatidylcholine:ethanolamine ratio increases in favour of choline.

72
Q

What phospholipid dominates in warmer environments?

A

Phosphatidylcholine.

73
Q

What happens to 20C acclimated rainbow trout at 5C?

A

They acclimate with cholesterol and saturated fatty acids decreasing.

74
Q

What happens to 5C acclimated rainbow trout at 25C?

A

They acclimate with cholesterol and saturated fatty acids increasing.

75
Q

Heat shock protein induction

A

Temperature change.

76
Q

What organisms produce more Hsp’s?

A

Organisms in warmer environments.

77
Q

What do Hsp’s do?

A

Assist in folding denatured proteins to maintain their function at cost of ATP.

78
Q

Intertidal species environment

A

Constantly changing so undergo more heat stress so have to produce more Hsp’s.

79
Q

How is Hsp production triggered?

A

Unfolded protein is bound by a Hsp which was bound to a Hsf which is now able to enter the nucleus and increase transcription of Hsp genes so more are produced.

80
Q

Hypothermia

A

When body temperature is below the thermal neutral zone.

81
Q

Hyperthermia

A

When body temperature is above the thermal neutral zone.

82
Q

Zone of metabolic regulation

A

Ambient temperatures below the lower critical temperature in which the animal may regulate its body temperature through changes in metabolic activity.

83
Q

Zone of active heat dissipation

A

Temperatures above the thermal neutral zone in which the organism actively loses heat.

84
Q

How effective is sweating?

A

Can improve heat loss by 20 times.

85
Q

Difference in sweating in gender

A

Men sweat twice as much at same temperature.

86
Q

Tropical acclimatisation of sweat

A

Increased sweating capacity and decreased salt content of sweat.

87
Q

How much heat lost for 1g of water evaporated at 20C?

A

580cal.

88
Q

How much does a person in a desert sweat?

A

1L/hr.

89
Q

How can mammals cool down other than sweating?

A

Panting or licking fur.

90
Q

How can birds cool down?

A

Oscillate floor of mouth and upper throat.

91
Q

How do wood storks cool down?

A

Urinate on their legs.

92
Q

How can camels prevent overheating?

A

It can vary body temperature by 6C.

93
Q

Frostbite

A

Damage to the skin and tissues caused by extreme cold.

94
Q

Three ectotherm strategies for surviving the cold

A

Selective extracellular freezing, antifreezes and supercooling.

95
Q

Selective extracellular freezing

A

Encourages ice formation extracellularly by adding nucleating agents such as highly hydrophilic proteins.

96
Q

Chironomid larvae at subzero temperatures

A

At -5C, 70% of body water is ice while at -15C 90% is ice.

97
Q

Antifreezes

A

Lower freezing point to avoid ice formation and has protective action against freezing damage, with osmotic and protein antifreezes.

98
Q

Osmotic antifreeze

A

Loss of water via osmotic action, typically involves glycerol, sorbitol and glycogen.

99
Q

Protein antifreeze

A

Manufactured in liver and circulate around the body, bind to embryonic ice crystals and prevent further growth.

100
Q

Example of a protein antifreeze

A

AFGP, 200x better than NaCl.

101
Q

Supercooling

A

High pressure and/or lack of nucleating agents allow pure water to remain liquid to -20C.

102
Q

Animals with supercooling

A

Frogs, spiders, insects and polar fish.

103
Q

Issue with supercooling

A

Risk of rapid ice formation.

104
Q

Mammal body temperature range

A

37-39C.

105
Q

Bird body temperature range

A

39-41C.

106
Q

Primitive mammal body temperature range

A

32-36C.

107
Q

2 methods of keeping warm

A

Reduce heat loss and increase heat production.

108
Q

Reducing heat loss methods

A

Can be postural (roll up) or behaviour (huddle) along with development of fat, fur and feathers to insulate.

109
Q

Drawback of endotherms

A

Maintaining homeothermic state is metabolically expensive.

110
Q

Shivering thermogenesis

A

Muscle action sees ATP hydrolysed to provide energy for contraction and chemical energy released as heat.

111
Q

Non-shivering thermogenesis

A

Oxidisation of fats for heat.

112
Q

What controls thermogenesis?

A

Noradrenaline from the hypothalamus.

113
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

Mammal specific with a scattered distribution, rich in mitochondria and thermogenin uncoupling protein.

114
Q

When is brown adipose tissue at its highest?

A

In babies and in cold acclimatised adults.

115
Q

2 types of thermoreceptor

A

Peripheral and central.

116
Q

Peripheral thermoreceptor

A

Multimodal, in the skin, responds to temperature and touch.

117
Q

Central thermoreceptor

A

Multimodal, in the CNS, responds to temperature and chemicals.

118
Q

Location of thermoreceptors in insects

A

Antannae and feet.

119
Q

Location of thermoreceptors in fish

A

Skin and PAH.

120
Q

Location of thermoreceptors in reptiles

A

Facial pit.

121
Q

Location of thermoreceptors in birds

A

Beak, tongue and nerve cord

122
Q

Vampire bat thermoreception

A

Specialised IR receptors on its nose and a nucleus in the brain.

123
Q

Pit viper thermoreception

A

Free nerve endings in facial pit, detect radiant heat, can respond to a 0.002C change and are directionally sensitive.

124
Q

Mammalian thermoreceptors

A

React to relative changes.

125
Q

Hypothalamus

A

10x sensitivity of peripheral thermoreceptors, act as a thermostat with the main sensor of temperature change.

126
Q

Hypothalamus at normal temperature

A

Heat sensors inhibit cold effectors and cold sensors inhibit heat effectors so no effect.

127
Q

Shunt vessels

A

Shunts blood away from skin in the cold to prevent heat loss or direct it to skin in heat to increase heat loss.

128
Q

Heat production stats

A

56% from organs, 16% from brain.

129
Q

Local regulation in extremities

A

Temperature allowed to change more than core temperature- local poikilothermy, also has shunt vessels and countercurrent exchange.

130
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

Allows for blood going to the extremities to transfer heat to the blood returning to prevent heat loss.

131
Q

Porpoise flipper and rook limb countercurrent

A

Artery surrounded by veins allowing for more efficient heat transfer.

132
Q

How do sauromalus reduce brain temperature?

A

Panting.

133
Q

Dormancy characteristics

A

Lowered metabolic rate, changes in thermoregulation and lower food requirement.

134
Q

Dormant states

A

Sleep, torpor, hibernation, winter sleep and aestivation.

135
Q

Seal sleeping patterns

A

Sleep on ice for a few minutes at a time, rousing to check for predators.

136
Q

Big cat sleeping patterns

A

Up to 20 hours a day.

137
Q

Slow wave sleep

A

Associated with drop in hypothalamic sensitivity, reduction in core body temperature and change in cardiovascular and respiratory activity.

138
Q

REM Sleep

A

Hypothalamic temperature control suspended.

139
Q

Posterior nucleus

A

Thermal regulation (heat conservation) and sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

140
Q

Anterior nucleus

A

Thermal regulation (heat dissipation) and parasympathetic nervous system stimulation.

141
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Controls circadian rhythm.

142
Q

What is cold skin temperature linked to?

A

Poor sleep.

143
Q

Torpor

A

Lowered metabolic rate and body temperature, lasts for hours.

144
Q

Rufus hummingbird torpor

A

Body temperature drops from 40C to 13C.

145
Q

Awakening from torpor

A

Burst of metabolic activity to re-warm, but still cheaper than constant maintenance.

146
Q

Hibernation

A

Allows animal survival when food is low or missing, entered through slow-wave sleep with periodic arousing for waste excretion, hypothalamic control lowered as much as 20C, TB can be as little as 1+TA.

147
Q

What happens to CO2 in hibernation and hypothermia?

A

It drops.

148
Q

Winter sleep

A

Characterised by small drop in TB and behavioural change such as curling up into a microhabitat.

149
Q

Aestivation

A

The shutting down of metabolic processes during the summer in response to hot or dry conditions.

BIOL2018:Adaptive Physiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions