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Comparative Politics > Comparative Politics Test 2 - Developing Countries > Flashcards

Comparative Politics Test 2 - Developing Countries Flashcards

1
Q

What are other terms for “Developing Country”?

A

Third World, LDCs “Less Developed Country”, GLobal South

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2
Q

What are the features of the Global South

A

A) Not Modern, Traditional

B) Most were colonized

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3
Q

What are the features of Development?

A
  • Technical
  • Economic
  • Material Factors
  • Institutional Complexity
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4
Q

What are the features of Modernization?

A
  • Psychological shift in consciousness
  • Growth of civil society - society as a whole should be transformed [individual and human rights]
  • Division of labor [choice in lifestyle and labor]
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5
Q

What “school of thought” was attached to Modernization?

A

Modernization theory

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6
Q

When was the Modernization Theory developed?

A

1950s

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7
Q

When did Modernization Theory become relevant?

A

After decolonization and during the Cold War

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8
Q

What are the features of the Modernization Theory?

A

A. All countries move through the same economic stages [tradition –> modern]
B. Involved socio-economic and political changes, plus the “psychic shift” [new understanding of yourself and your responsibility in this world
C. The West was the model to follow
D. Internal/Domestic Process [Global forces were increasingly significant to shaping your destiny]

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9
Q

What is another term for “Dependency Theory”

A

World System Theory

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10
Q

What are some key factors of the Dependency Theory?

A
  • International factors were the most important in determining development
  • Capitalist system [modernist theory says we can all become capitalists, dependency theory claims that in a competitive system, we cannot all be winners]
  • Structure the world economy in Global North and Global South [global south provides raw materials and cheap labor for industry, big corporations make the profits]
  • Manifests itself in terms of nations [some countries win, some lose - wealthy capitalists align themselves with other wealthy capitalist institutions]
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11
Q

What is another term for dependence?

A

Neo-colonialism

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12
Q

What are restraints on Modernization & Development? [6]

A
  1. Population
  2. Cultural Factors
    - values
    - religion [spiritual vs. material]
    - cultures are rejecting “modern” idea of capitalism and accumulation of stuff
  3. Ethnic/Religious Conflict
  4. Military or Authoritarian Rule
    - military regimes came into power to modernize countries- justified themselves as “modernizers” because can eradicate short-term corruption and ethnic conflict
  5. Government
    - persistence of kindship and clientelism [patron-client networks]
  6. Geography
    - land-locked countries [cannot produce trade
    - tropics [climate matters]
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13
Q

What is Latin America known for saving the world?

A

Food: corn, potatoes, cassava

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14
Q

What was central to early luxury trade in Latin America?

A

Colonialism

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15
Q

What was the major crop in Latin America that established a mono-crop system?

A

Sugar

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16
Q

What three regions were involved in the Bermuda Trade Triangle?

A

Europe –> Africa –> Latin America

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17
Q

What are 4 characteristics of the Global South Regions?

A
  1. Early Independence from colonial rule
  2. Uniform culture/ethnicity [Catholicism, spanish-speaking]
  3. Early economic development [Argentina, Brazil, Chile - ABC countries with increasing prosperity]
  4. Long-term relations with the US
    - Monroe Doctrine
    - Banana Republic

ICEU

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18
Q

What are two significant symbols of US relations with Latin America throughout history?

A
  1. Monroe Doctrine 1823

2. Banana Republic

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19
Q

When was the Monroe Doctrine signed?

A

1823

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20
Q

What did the Monroe Doctrine establish?

A

Europeans are not to intervene with Latin American affairs - it became US territory

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21
Q

What was the Banana Republic?

A

They produced bananas for American consumption - Belize, Panama, Guatemala, Etc.

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22
Q

What was the major banana corporation in Latin America?

A

Chiquita

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23
Q

What was the historical political culture in Latin America?

A

Quasi-feudal: plantation system where plantation owners were wealthy “Hacienda”. Plantations were political, social and economic - became the center of political life. Outside of plantations, it was very challenging to make money.

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24
Q

What did the Latin American economies revolve around throughout history?

A

Plantations

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25
Q

What kind of economies did Latin America have?

A

Extractive economies - timber and minerals

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26
Q

What are the major current political and economic issues?

A
  1. Mass Democratic movements

2. Industrialization

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27
Q

What do current the mass democratic movements entail?

A
  • A resistance against authoritarian rule

- Land reform: too much good land is under control of wealthy people who use it for cash-crop exports

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28
Q

Who has been involved in land reform in Latin America?

A
  • democratic or revolutionary: peasants in latin America have strong left political culture
  • Marxists have been involved
  • Catholic Church has been involved as Liberation Theology
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29
Q

How has the Catholic Church been involved in the mass democratic movements throughout Latin America?

A

“Liberation Theology”: a particular brand of Catholic social activism

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30
Q

What major countries did Industrialization pervade?

A

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico - this happened because of the cheap pools of labor , government authoritarianism, and political instability in Asia drove investors to Latin America

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31
Q

What is the political culture of Latin America?

A

Deferential, Paternalistic

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32
Q

When did Spanish Colonization occur in Mexico?

A

16th Century

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33
Q

What kind of economy did Mexico have throughout its history?

A

Neo-Feudal system that was oriented around commerce with plantations and haciendas

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34
Q

What was the class system historically in Mexico?

A

Hierarchical; the merchant class didn’t exist. There was a political line between landowners and military. There were soldiers, priests, peasants.

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35
Q

What is a Mestizo?

A

Combined European and Native American descent

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36
Q

When did Mexico gain its independence from Spain and Portugal?

A

1821

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37
Q

When did Mexico have a major conflict with America?

A

1835-1848

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38
Q

When did Mexico experience internal turmoil?

A

1848-1877

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39
Q

What kinds of internal struggles did Mexico face?

A

Political turmoil with a struggle to modernize and industrialize.

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40
Q

When did Mexico struggle with dictatorship?

A

1877-1910

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41
Q

Who was the major dictator of the early 20th century in Mexico?

A

Porfirio Diaz

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42
Q

What did Porfirio Diaz do in Mexico?

A

He was known for using military to effectively stabilize the country. He didn’t establish a political party system, but he took Mexico and attempted to modernize and industrialize it/

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43
Q

When did Mexico revolutionize against Diaz?

A

1910-1920

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44
Q

When was Diaz ousted from Mexico?

A

1920

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45
Q

When did the State consolidate power in Mexico?

A

1920-1940

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46
Q

What Wars occurred between the State and the Church in Mexico?

A

Cristero Wars

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47
Q

What was the first major revolution against in Mexico?

A

The authoritarian regime to establish a modern regime

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48
Q

Who was the second major revolution against in Mexico?

A

Against the church

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49
Q

When was the Single Party System established?

A

1946

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50
Q

What was the first major political party in Mexico?

A

PRI [Industrial Revolutionary Party]

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51
Q

What became modern when the Single Party System was established?

A

the State and Party were modern institutions

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52
Q

What kind of culture existed in the PRI?

A

Patron-Client system

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53
Q

What was the “PRI base”?

A

A 3-legged stool:

  1. Peasants
  2. Workers
  3. Government bureaucrats
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54
Q

What is a Caudillo?

A

a “strong” man

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55
Q

What is the political culture of Mexico?

A

Paternalistic, Authoritarian

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56
Q

How long was the PRI in power?

A

70 years

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57
Q

What kind of revolution has occurred within the past 2 decades in Mexico?

A

a “silent revolution”

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58
Q

What 2 new political parties have risen in the past 2 decades in mexico?

A

PAN [National Action Party]

PRD [Party of the Democratic Revolution]

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59
Q

What is the current conservative political party in Mexico?

A

PAN

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60
Q

What is the current socialist party in Mexico?

A

PRD

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61
Q

When did PAN have the majority in legislature in Mexico?

A

1997

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62
Q

When did PAN win the presidency in Mexico?

A

2000

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63
Q

Who was the first PAN president?

A

Vincente Fox

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64
Q

What is the governmental system in Mexico?

A

Federal System

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65
Q

How many States in Mexico?

A

31

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66
Q

What is the political structure in Mexico?

A

President (head and chief of state)
Senate (Upper House)
Chamber of Deputies (lower house)
Supreme Court

67
Q

What is the Upper House in Mexico?

A

Senate

68
Q

What is the Lower House in Mexico?

A

Chamber of Deputies

69
Q

Who is the current president of Mexico and from what political party is he?

A

Enrique Nieto, PRI

70
Q

What are the current trends in Mexico?

A

Corruption
Industrialization/Infrastructure
Financial problems
Immigration

71
Q

What are two major elements of relations between Mexico and America?

A

NAFTA and Drugs/Gangs/Cartels

72
Q

When was NAFTA established and what was it?

A

1994 - a bilateral free-trade deal

73
Q

What are some key features of Africa’s geography?

A

3.5 x US
hottest, driest climate in the world
large plateau

74
Q

What are some of the major natural resources in Africa?

A

timber, animals, precious metals, oil.

75
Q

Historically, what are 3 of the religions that have spread throughout Africa?

A
  1. Animism
  2. Islam
  3. Christianity
76
Q

Discuss the timeline of colonial history in Africa starting in the 1500s.

A

1500-1750: Luxury Trade
1750 - 1900: Mercantilism
1885 - 1975: Formal Empire

77
Q

What did the period of Luxury Trade in Africa entail?

A

the trading of spices, timber, and metals. Portugal was the number 1 slave exporter.

78
Q

What did the period of Mercantilism in Africa entail?

A

It was composed of a Plantation System with slaves providing industrialization in Europe. The mining industry grew.

79
Q

What year did the Slave Trade end?

A

1807

80
Q

When was the Berlin Conference and what did it entail?

A

1884-1885, colonialist countries sat down and distributed the land in Africa to:

  • Great Britain
  • France
  • Belgium
  • Germany
  • Portugal
  • Italy - Somalia
  • Spain
81
Q

What took place during the colonial period of the Formal Empire in Africa?

A

The establishment of government, market expands, infrastructure expands, and religion & language spread.

82
Q

What was the first country to gain independence in Africa, and when?

A

Ghana in 1957.

83
Q

What is the cultural colonial legacy in Africa?

A

Language and Religion

84
Q

What is the economic colonial legacy in Africa?

A

neo-colonial ties: resource economies (raw resources and materials)

85
Q

What is the political colonial legacy in Africa?

A
  1. Artificial Borders
  2. Transfer of Authority was too rapid
  3. No modern administrative class
  4. No theory/history of political parties (politics is ETHNIC)
  5. No theory/history of the modern state
86
Q

What is the most populous country in Africa?

A

Nigeria

87
Q

How many languages are spoken in Nigeria?

A

200+

88
Q

What are the primary religions in Nigeria?

A

Islam and Christianity

89
Q

What is the most industrial black country in Africa?

A

Nigeria

90
Q

What are the major assets of Nigeria?

A

rich farmland with extensive fertile soil AND oil-rich.

91
Q

Who colonized Nigeria?

A

British

92
Q

When did Nigeria receive its independence?

A

1960

93
Q

Who did the British place “Indirect Rule” on in Nigeria?

A

Islamic Nigeria

94
Q

Who did the British place “Direct Rule” on in Nigeria?

A

Christian Rule

95
Q

What part of Nigeria did the British invest in and what did they invest in?

A

The South, rubber and oil.

96
Q

How did Nigeria become “unified”?

A

Language [english]

Infrastructure [roadways]

97
Q

What took place in Nigeria in the 6 years following independence?

A

1960 - 1966: It was a Parliamentary System, the first decade was relatively peaceful

98
Q

What took place in 1966 in Nigeria?

A

A Coup and a counter-coup.

99
Q

What were the three major ethnic groups involved in the Coup and Counter-Coup in Nigeria?

A

A. Housa - Fulani (Muslim)
B. Yoruba (Christian - Protestant)
C) Ibo (Christian -Catholic)

100
Q

What ethnic group in Nigeria is Muslim?

A

Housa - Fulani

101
Q

What ethnic group in Nigeria is Christian [protestant]?

A

Yoruba

102
Q

What ethnic group in Nigeria is Christian [Catholic]

A

Ibo

103
Q

Which ethnic group in Nigeria was marginalized?

A

Ibo

104
Q

When was the Nigerian Civil War?

A

1967-1970.

105
Q

What took place during the Nigerian Civil War?

A
  1. Mass genocide of the Ibos
  2. Televised War
  3. Critical for the future of the nation-state: the war challenged the idea of the nation state, Ibos saw support from international institutions
106
Q

Who opposed Ibo secession from Nigeria?

A
  1. UN
  2. US
  3. USSR
  4. France & Britain
  5. All African countries
107
Q

What ethnic conflict exists today in Nigeria?

A

A. North vs. South (Islam vs. Christianity)
B. Oil and Ethnicity (profit is not shared with the local community or neighbors) –> no wealth distribution, environmental destruction

108
Q

What major problems exist in Nigeria today?

A
  1. Riots over elections
  2. Riots over Sharia Law
  3. Emergence of Boko Haraam
  4. Extreme interpretations
109
Q

What is the current government model in Nigeria?

A
  1. Federal System - 36 states
  2. Upper House (Senate - More power)
  3. Lower House (House of representatives - less power)
  4. Judiciary
  5. President (chief & head of state)
110
Q

How many states are in Nigeria?

A

36

111
Q

Who is the current president of Nigeria?

A

Goodluck Jonathan

112
Q

What do the divisions in India tend to be based on?

A

Language and Religion

113
Q

How many major religions are in India?

A

17

114
Q

What 4 major world religions came out of India?

A

Hinduism - and the offshoots of Hinduism are:

  • Jainism
  • Sikhism
  • Buddhism
115
Q

What other less popular religions are in India?

A

Islam & Christianity

116
Q

Describe the geography of India.

A

Coldest and hottest places in the world that are inhabited by people. Himalayas in the North, deserts in the West, tropical and temperate rainforests with diverse wildlife.

117
Q

What are the 3 major rivers in India?

A

Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus.

118
Q

How old is Hinduism?

A

7000

119
Q

What percentage of India is Hindu?

A

75%

120
Q

What are the Holy Books of Hinduism?

A

Vedas and Upanishads

121
Q

How many Gods are there in Hinduism?

A

25,000

122
Q

What are the 3 main Gods in Hinduism and what are their roles?

A

Vishnu: Preserver
Shiva: Destroyer
Brahma: Creator

123
Q

What is the structure of the Hindu Caste System?

A
  1. Brahmins - priests
  2. Kshatriyas - rulers/warriors
  3. Vaisyas - Merchants
  4. Sudras - servants, artisans, farmers
  5. Dalits
  6. Tribals
124
Q

What major groups invaded India and when?

A

A. Aryan Migrations: 3500 years ago.
B. Greeks.
C. Islam: beginning in 10th century, Moguls from 1500 - 1857.
D. British: 1600s

125
Q

Who were the most notable and sustained of Islamic invasions and when did they invade India?

A

Moguls - from 1500 - 1857

126
Q

When did the British invade and when did they establish rule over the Mogul Empire?

A

1600s, established rule in 1857.

127
Q

When did India receive independence from the British?

A

1947

128
Q

What was the most important colony in the entire British Empire?

A

India

129
Q

What was the East Indian Company?

A

A government-backed commercial enterprise that was initially an economic institution but became a security and political organization by the 19th century.

130
Q

When did the East India Company fall?

A

1857 - it was not large enough to control the territory under its administration.

131
Q

What was the Sepoy Mutiny?

A

Indian troops that formed a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion agains the British rule.

132
Q

What led to India becoming a crowned colony and what shift did this cause?

A

The repression of the Sepoy Mutiny, and after India was established as a crowned colony, the British company invested even more in economic extraction, administration. It became the center of the British Empire.

133
Q

What important political changes were made in India by the British?

A
  1. Established a Congress Party

2. Invested in Civil Service

134
Q

When did ideas of Independence rise in India?

A

After WWI

135
Q

What was the dominant theme in fighting for independence in India?

A

Peaceful resistance

136
Q

Who led the peaceful resistance movement in India?

A

Mahatma Gandhi

137
Q

When did India receive Independence?

A

1947 - 1st colony in the world to receive independence

138
Q

Why was India particularly successful following independence?

A

The British established the right institutions, bureaucrats, political leaders, etc. because they were invested in the colony economically.

139
Q

What political party in India was seen as the “All-Indian” party?

A

Congress Party

140
Q

Who was the first ruler of the Congress Party succeeding Gandhi? When did he rule?

A

Jawarlal Nehru, 1947 - 1964

141
Q

What was the Nehru’s vision of India?

A

Creating a modern India based on Industrialization

142
Q

Who succeeded Nehru?

A

Indira Gandhi (1966 - 1977, 1980 - 1984)

143
Q

When was Indira Gandhi assassinated, and who was she assassinated by?

A

1984, the Sikhs.

144
Q

Who succeeded Indira Gandhi and when did they rule?

A

Rajiv Gandhi (1984 - 1989)

145
Q

What political party emerged out of the RSS?

A

BJP- challenged the Congress Party

146
Q

What was the RSS?

A

A military minority group that wanted more aggressive and violent actions against the police or British military.

147
Q

Who ruled India following Rajiv Gandhi?

A

A.B. Vajpayee (1998 - 2004)

148
Q

Who established BJP as the competitor for Congress Party?

A

A.B. Vajpayee

149
Q

What did BJP build its power on?

A

Hindu Nationalism - an upper caste party

150
Q

What resulting changes came from the power of BJP?

A
  1. Globalization (Change in dress)
  2. Oppose Islam and other religions (belief that India is for Hindus)
  3. Hindi Language (as official language of India)
  4. Create a National Indian Economy (more self-reliance to promote Indian industry to reduce imported Industry/foreign goods)
151
Q

What are the major groups of Ethnic Conflict in India?

A

Sikhs
Tamils
Assamese
Muslims

152
Q

What ethnic conflict arose in India from the Sikhs?

A

Located in the state of Dunjab - weathy, on the border of Pakistan (Pakistan & Dunjab are known as having warrior cultures because they fought the Muslims). The British nor the Moguls every conquered them.

153
Q

What ethnic conflict in India arose from the Tamils?

A

Located in Sri Lanka, an independent Buddhist Country. The British brought labor (Tamils) into Sri Lanka, so the population was 30% Tamil. They wanted to gain independence and thus launched severe terrorist campaign against Sri Lankans. “Tamil Tigers”.

154
Q

What ethnic conflict in India arose from the Assamese?

A

Located in Northeast India.

155
Q

What ethnic conflict in India arose from the Muslims?

A

Located in Kashmir. India and Pakistan have fought several wars over Kashmir, and the tension has been festering and stewing. This remains tense. Both Pakistan and India have nuclear weapons, and there is a fear that this will erupt in a war. Fear is that more Islamic terrorism will come into India. Pakistan and Bangladesh are lagging far behind India economically.

156
Q

What class conflict still exists in India?

A

It stems from the Caste System usually at a local or regional level. It is fermented by BJP - in certain parts of India, the lower caste has created great animosity towards the upper caste. Caste violence has erupted with democracy. Poorest places in India are Bihar and West Benghal, and the richest place is Kerala.

157
Q

What is the current government system of India?

A

Parliamentary System, Federal System (based on British Model).

158
Q

What are the 2 main political parties in India?

A

BJP and Congress Party

159
Q

How many states are in India?

A

29

160
Q

What is the government structure in India?

A

Lower House, “House of the People” - power is centered here
Upper House, “House of the State”
Prime Minister, “Chief of State”
President, “Head of State” - ceremonial role

161
Q

What house is the power centered in India?

A

Lower House - House of the People

162
Q

Who is the “Chief of State” or Prime Minister in India?

A

Narendra Modi, BJP

163
Q

What are current trends in India?

A
  1. Population
  2. Ethnic and Religious tension
  3. Hegemonic role in South Asia
  4. Conflict with Pakistan

Comparative Politics (3 decks)

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