Comparative Politics Test 2 - Developing Countries Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
What are other terms for “Developing Country”?
A
Third World, LDCs “Less Developed Country”, GLobal South
2
Q
What are the features of the Global South
A
A) Not Modern, Traditional
B) Most were colonized
3
Q
What are the features of Development?
A
- Technical
- Economic
- Material Factors
- Institutional Complexity
4
Q
What are the features of Modernization?
A
- Psychological shift in consciousness
- Growth of civil society - society as a whole should be transformed [individual and human rights]
- Division of labor [choice in lifestyle and labor]
5
Q
What “school of thought” was attached to Modernization?
A
Modernization theory
6
Q
When was the Modernization Theory developed?
A
1950s
7
Q
When did Modernization Theory become relevant?
A
After decolonization and during the Cold War
8
Q
What are the features of the Modernization Theory?
A
A. All countries move through the same economic stages [tradition –> modern]
B. Involved socio-economic and political changes, plus the “psychic shift” [new understanding of yourself and your responsibility in this world
C. The West was the model to follow
D. Internal/Domestic Process [Global forces were increasingly significant to shaping your destiny]
9
Q
What is another term for “Dependency Theory”
A
World System Theory
10
Q
What are some key factors of the Dependency Theory?
A
- International factors were the most important in determining development
- Capitalist system [modernist theory says we can all become capitalists, dependency theory claims that in a competitive system, we cannot all be winners]
- Structure the world economy in Global North and Global South [global south provides raw materials and cheap labor for industry, big corporations make the profits]
- Manifests itself in terms of nations [some countries win, some lose - wealthy capitalists align themselves with other wealthy capitalist institutions]
11
Q
What is another term for dependence?
A
Neo-colonialism
12
Q
What are restraints on Modernization & Development? [6]
A
- Population
- Cultural Factors
- values
- religion [spiritual vs. material]
- cultures are rejecting “modern” idea of capitalism and accumulation of stuff - Ethnic/Religious Conflict
- Military or Authoritarian Rule
- military regimes came into power to modernize countries- justified themselves as “modernizers” because can eradicate short-term corruption and ethnic conflict - Government
- persistence of kindship and clientelism [patron-client networks] - Geography
- land-locked countries [cannot produce trade
- tropics [climate matters]
13
Q
What is Latin America known for saving the world?
A
Food: corn, potatoes, cassava
14
Q
What was central to early luxury trade in Latin America?
A
Colonialism
15
Q
What was the major crop in Latin America that established a mono-crop system?
A
Sugar
16
Q
What three regions were involved in the Bermuda Trade Triangle?
A
Europe –> Africa –> Latin America
17
Q
What are 4 characteristics of the Global South Regions?
A
- Early Independence from colonial rule
- Uniform culture/ethnicity [Catholicism, spanish-speaking]
- Early economic development [Argentina, Brazil, Chile - ABC countries with increasing prosperity]
- Long-term relations with the US
- Monroe Doctrine
- Banana Republic
ICEU
18
Q
What are two significant symbols of US relations with Latin America throughout history?
A
- Monroe Doctrine 1823
2. Banana Republic
19
Q
When was the Monroe Doctrine signed?
A
1823
20
Q
What did the Monroe Doctrine establish?
A
Europeans are not to intervene with Latin American affairs - it became US territory
21
Q
What was the Banana Republic?
A
They produced bananas for American consumption - Belize, Panama, Guatemala, Etc.
22
Q
What was the major banana corporation in Latin America?
A
Chiquita
23
Q
What was the historical political culture in Latin America?
A
Quasi-feudal: plantation system where plantation owners were wealthy “Hacienda”. Plantations were political, social and economic - became the center of political life. Outside of plantations, it was very challenging to make money.
24
Q
What did the Latin American economies revolve around throughout history?
A
Plantations
25
What kind of economies did Latin America have?
Extractive economies - timber and minerals
26
What are the major current political and economic issues?
1. Mass Democratic movements
| 2. Industrialization
27
What do current the mass democratic movements entail?
- A resistance against authoritarian rule
| - Land reform: too much good land is under control of wealthy people who use it for cash-crop exports
28
Who has been involved in land reform in Latin America?
- democratic or revolutionary: peasants in latin America have strong left political culture
- Marxists have been involved
- Catholic Church has been involved as Liberation Theology
29
How has the Catholic Church been involved in the mass democratic movements throughout Latin America?
"Liberation Theology": a particular brand of Catholic social activism
30
What major countries did Industrialization pervade?
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico - this happened because of the cheap pools of labor , government authoritarianism, and political instability in Asia drove investors to Latin America
31
What is the political culture of Latin America?
Deferential, Paternalistic
32
When did Spanish Colonization occur in Mexico?
16th Century
33
What kind of economy did Mexico have throughout its history?
Neo-Feudal system that was oriented around commerce with plantations and haciendas
34
What was the class system historically in Mexico?
Hierarchical; the merchant class didn't exist. There was a political line between landowners and military. There were soldiers, priests, peasants.
35
What is a Mestizo?
Combined European and Native American descent
36
When did Mexico gain its independence from Spain and Portugal?
1821
37
When did Mexico have a major conflict with America?
1835-1848
38
When did Mexico experience internal turmoil?
1848-1877
39
What kinds of internal struggles did Mexico face?
Political turmoil with a struggle to modernize and industrialize.
40
When did Mexico struggle with dictatorship?
1877-1910
41
Who was the major dictator of the early 20th century in Mexico?
Porfirio Diaz
42
What did Porfirio Diaz do in Mexico?
He was known for using military to effectively stabilize the country. He didn't establish a political party system, but he took Mexico and attempted to modernize and industrialize it/
43
When did Mexico revolutionize against Diaz?
1910-1920
44
When was Diaz ousted from Mexico?
1920
45
When did the State consolidate power in Mexico?
1920-1940
46
What Wars occurred between the State and the Church in Mexico?
Cristero Wars
47
What was the first major revolution against in Mexico?
The authoritarian regime to establish a modern regime
48
Who was the second major revolution against in Mexico?
Against the church
49
When was the Single Party System established?
1946
50
What was the first major political party in Mexico?
PRI [Industrial Revolutionary Party]
51
What became modern when the Single Party System was established?
the State and Party were modern institutions
52
What kind of culture existed in the PRI?
Patron-Client system
53
What was the "PRI base"?
A 3-legged stool:
1. Peasants
2. Workers
3. Government bureaucrats
54
What is a Caudillo?
a "strong" man
55
What is the political culture of Mexico?
Paternalistic, Authoritarian
56
How long was the PRI in power?
70 years
57
What kind of revolution has occurred within the past 2 decades in Mexico?
a "silent revolution"
58
What 2 new political parties have risen in the past 2 decades in mexico?
PAN [National Action Party]
| PRD [Party of the Democratic Revolution]
59
What is the current conservative political party in Mexico?
PAN
60
What is the current socialist party in Mexico?
PRD
61
When did PAN have the majority in legislature in Mexico?
1997
62
When did PAN win the presidency in Mexico?
2000
63
Who was the first PAN president?
Vincente Fox
64
What is the governmental system in Mexico?
Federal System
65
How many States in Mexico?
31
66
What is the political structure in Mexico?
President (head and chief of state)
Senate (Upper House)
Chamber of Deputies (lower house)
Supreme Court
67
What is the Upper House in Mexico?
Senate
68
What is the Lower House in Mexico?
Chamber of Deputies
69
Who is the current president of Mexico and from what political party is he?
Enrique Nieto, PRI
70
What are the current trends in Mexico?
Corruption
Industrialization/Infrastructure
Financial problems
Immigration
71
What are two major elements of relations between Mexico and America?
NAFTA and Drugs/Gangs/Cartels
72
When was NAFTA established and what was it?
1994 - a bilateral free-trade deal
73
What are some key features of Africa's geography?
3.5 x US
hottest, driest climate in the world
large plateau
74
What are some of the major natural resources in Africa?
timber, animals, precious metals, oil.
75
Historically, what are 3 of the religions that have spread throughout Africa?
1. Animism
2. Islam
3. Christianity
76
Discuss the timeline of colonial history in Africa starting in the 1500s.
1500-1750: Luxury Trade
1750 - 1900: Mercantilism
1885 - 1975: Formal Empire
77
What did the period of Luxury Trade in Africa entail?
the trading of spices, timber, and metals. Portugal was the number 1 slave exporter.
78
What did the period of Mercantilism in Africa entail?
It was composed of a Plantation System with slaves providing industrialization in Europe. The mining industry grew.
79
What year did the Slave Trade end?
1807
80
When was the Berlin Conference and what did it entail?
1884-1885, colonialist countries sat down and distributed the land in Africa to:
- Great Britain
- France
- Belgium
- Germany
- Portugal
- Italy - Somalia
- Spain
81
What took place during the colonial period of the Formal Empire in Africa?
The establishment of government, market expands, infrastructure expands, and religion & language spread.
82
What was the first country to gain independence in Africa, and when?
Ghana in 1957.
83
What is the cultural colonial legacy in Africa?
Language and Religion
84
What is the economic colonial legacy in Africa?
neo-colonial ties: resource economies (raw resources and materials)
85
What is the political colonial legacy in Africa?
1. Artificial Borders
2. Transfer of Authority was too rapid
3. No modern administrative class
4. No theory/history of political parties (politics is ETHNIC)
5. No theory/history of the modern state
86
What is the most populous country in Africa?
Nigeria
87
How many languages are spoken in Nigeria?
200+
88
What are the primary religions in Nigeria?
Islam and Christianity
89
What is the most industrial black country in Africa?
Nigeria
90
What are the major assets of Nigeria?
rich farmland with extensive fertile soil AND oil-rich.
91
Who colonized Nigeria?
British
92
When did Nigeria receive its independence?
1960
93
Who did the British place "Indirect Rule" on in Nigeria?
Islamic Nigeria
94
Who did the British place "Direct Rule" on in Nigeria?
Christian Rule
95
What part of Nigeria did the British invest in and what did they invest in?
The South, rubber and oil.
96
How did Nigeria become "unified"?
Language [english]
| Infrastructure [roadways]
97
What took place in Nigeria in the 6 years following independence?
1960 - 1966: It was a Parliamentary System, the first decade was relatively peaceful
98
What took place in 1966 in Nigeria?
A Coup and a counter-coup.
99
What were the three major ethnic groups involved in the Coup and Counter-Coup in Nigeria?
A. Housa - Fulani (Muslim)
B. Yoruba (Christian - Protestant)
C) Ibo (Christian -Catholic)
100
What ethnic group in Nigeria is Muslim?
Housa - Fulani
101
What ethnic group in Nigeria is Christian [protestant]?
Yoruba
102
What ethnic group in Nigeria is Christian [Catholic]
Ibo
103
Which ethnic group in Nigeria was marginalized?
Ibo
104
When was the Nigerian Civil War?
1967-1970.
105
What took place during the Nigerian Civil War?
1. Mass genocide of the Ibos
2. Televised War
3. Critical for the future of the nation-state: the war challenged the idea of the nation state, Ibos saw support from international institutions
106
Who opposed Ibo secession from Nigeria?
1. UN
2. US
3. USSR
4. France & Britain
5. All African countries
107
What ethnic conflict exists today in Nigeria?
A. North vs. South (Islam vs. Christianity)
B. Oil and Ethnicity (profit is not shared with the local community or neighbors) --> no wealth distribution, environmental destruction
108
What major problems exist in Nigeria today?
1. Riots over elections
2. Riots over Sharia Law
3. Emergence of Boko Haraam
4. Extreme interpretations
109
What is the current government model in Nigeria?
1. Federal System - 36 states
2. Upper House (Senate - More power)
3. Lower House (House of representatives - less power)
4. Judiciary
5. President (chief & head of state)
110
How many states are in Nigeria?
36
111
Who is the current president of Nigeria?
Goodluck Jonathan
112
What do the divisions in India tend to be based on?
Language and Religion
113
How many major religions are in India?
17
114
What 4 major world religions came out of India?
Hinduism - and the offshoots of Hinduism are:
- Jainism
- Sikhism
- Buddhism
115
What other less popular religions are in India?
Islam & Christianity
116
Describe the geography of India.
Coldest and hottest places in the world that are inhabited by people. Himalayas in the North, deserts in the West, tropical and temperate rainforests with diverse wildlife.
117
What are the 3 major rivers in India?
Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus.
118
How old is Hinduism?
7000
119
What percentage of India is Hindu?
75%
120
What are the Holy Books of Hinduism?
Vedas and Upanishads
121
How many Gods are there in Hinduism?
25,000
122
What are the 3 main Gods in Hinduism and what are their roles?
Vishnu: Preserver
Shiva: Destroyer
Brahma: Creator
123
What is the structure of the Hindu Caste System?
1. Brahmins - priests
2. Kshatriyas - rulers/warriors
3. Vaisyas - Merchants
4. Sudras - servants, artisans, farmers
5. Dalits
6. Tribals
124
What major groups invaded India and when?
A. Aryan Migrations: 3500 years ago.
B. Greeks.
C. Islam: beginning in 10th century, Moguls from 1500 - 1857.
D. British: 1600s
125
Who were the most notable and sustained of Islamic invasions and when did they invade India?
Moguls - from 1500 - 1857
126
When did the British invade and when did they establish rule over the Mogul Empire?
1600s, established rule in 1857.
127
When did India receive independence from the British?
1947
128
What was the most important colony in the entire British Empire?
India
129
What was the East Indian Company?
A government-backed commercial enterprise that was initially an economic institution but became a security and political organization by the 19th century.
130
When did the East India Company fall?
1857 - it was not large enough to control the territory under its administration.
131
What was the Sepoy Mutiny?
Indian troops that formed a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion agains the British rule.
132
What led to India becoming a crowned colony and what shift did this cause?
The repression of the Sepoy Mutiny, and after India was established as a crowned colony, the British company invested even more in economic extraction, administration. It became the center of the British Empire.
133
What important political changes were made in India by the British?
1. Established a Congress Party
| 2. Invested in Civil Service
134
When did ideas of Independence rise in India?
After WWI
135
What was the dominant theme in fighting for independence in India?
Peaceful resistance
136
Who led the peaceful resistance movement in India?
Mahatma Gandhi
137
When did India receive Independence?
1947 - 1st colony in the world to receive independence
138
Why was India particularly successful following independence?
The British established the right institutions, bureaucrats, political leaders, etc. because they were invested in the colony economically.
139
What political party in India was seen as the "All-Indian" party?
Congress Party
140
Who was the first ruler of the Congress Party succeeding Gandhi? When did he rule?
Jawarlal Nehru, 1947 - 1964
141
What was the Nehru's vision of India?
Creating a modern India based on Industrialization
142
Who succeeded Nehru?
Indira Gandhi (1966 - 1977, 1980 - 1984)
143
When was Indira Gandhi assassinated, and who was she assassinated by?
1984, the Sikhs.
144
Who succeeded Indira Gandhi and when did they rule?
Rajiv Gandhi (1984 - 1989)
145
What political party emerged out of the RSS?
BJP- challenged the Congress Party
146
What was the RSS?
A military minority group that wanted more aggressive and violent actions against the police or British military.
147
Who ruled India following Rajiv Gandhi?
A.B. Vajpayee (1998 - 2004)
148
Who established BJP as the competitor for Congress Party?
A.B. Vajpayee
149
What did BJP build its power on?
Hindu Nationalism - an upper caste party
150
What resulting changes came from the power of BJP?
1. Globalization (Change in dress)
2. Oppose Islam and other religions (belief that India is for Hindus)
3. Hindi Language (as official language of India)
4. Create a National Indian Economy (more self-reliance to promote Indian industry to reduce imported Industry/foreign goods)
151
What are the major groups of Ethnic Conflict in India?
Sikhs
Tamils
Assamese
Muslims
152
What ethnic conflict arose in India from the Sikhs?
Located in the state of Dunjab - weathy, on the border of Pakistan (Pakistan & Dunjab are known as having warrior cultures because they fought the Muslims). The British nor the Moguls every conquered them.
153
What ethnic conflict in India arose from the Tamils?
Located in Sri Lanka, an independent Buddhist Country. The British brought labor (Tamils) into Sri Lanka, so the population was 30% Tamil. They wanted to gain independence and thus launched severe terrorist campaign against Sri Lankans. "Tamil Tigers".
154
What ethnic conflict in India arose from the Assamese?
Located in Northeast India.
155
What ethnic conflict in India arose from the Muslims?
Located in Kashmir. India and Pakistan have fought several wars over Kashmir, and the tension has been festering and stewing. This remains tense. Both Pakistan and India have nuclear weapons, and there is a fear that this will erupt in a war. Fear is that more Islamic terrorism will come into India. Pakistan and Bangladesh are lagging far behind India economically.
156
What class conflict still exists in India?
It stems from the Caste System usually at a local or regional level. It is fermented by BJP - in certain parts of India, the lower caste has created great animosity towards the upper caste. Caste violence has erupted with democracy. Poorest places in India are Bihar and West Benghal, and the richest place is Kerala.
157
What is the current government system of India?
Parliamentary System, Federal System (based on British Model).
158
What are the 2 main political parties in India?
BJP and Congress Party
159
How many states are in India?
29
160
What is the government structure in India?
Lower House, "House of the People" - power is centered here
Upper House, "House of the State"
Prime Minister, "Chief of State"
President, "Head of State" - ceremonial role
161
What house is the power centered in India?
Lower House - House of the People
162
Who is the "Chief of State" or Prime Minister in India?
Narendra Modi, BJP
163
What are current trends in India?
1. Population
2. Ethnic and Religious tension
3. Hegemonic role in South Asia
4. Conflict with Pakistan
